35 pages • 1 hour read
Bessie HeadA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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It is mid-August, and Matenge has returned to Golema Mmidi. The course of progress and the activities of strong-willed residents have broken Matenge’s control. Soon, though, a crisis far worse than Matenge’s wrath descends upon the village. After years of drought, cattle suddenly begin dropping dead, pitching the cattlemen of Botswana into confusion, and imperiling the wellbeing of villages such as Golema Mmidi. The cattlemen return to town to consult Dinorego, who is convinced that Gilbert may have a method to approach the new dilemma.
Alerted to the reappearance of the cattlemen, Paulina goes to meet them and sees that her son is not among them. She approaches Rankoane, a man whose cattle post is near her son’s, and asks if he has any information concerning her son’s whereabouts. Rankoane tells her he had ordered Isaac home—as he had done, but in a somewhat evasive and noncommittal manner. Rankoane had recognized the tuberculosis afflicting Isaac, yet had kept this diagnosis from the boy. The cattleman leaves Paulina, who remains in a panic. Makhaya comforts her and tells her that they will go together to retrieve her son the next day.
In the meantime, Gilbert has engaged the cattlemen in discussion. He has informed them of the government’s plan to slaughter some of the thinnest cattle to quickly produce corned beef, then to provide emergency rations. However, when talking with Makhaya and Dinorego afterwards, Gilbert reveals his opinion that the cattle crisis is a blessing because it will help Golema Mmidi to abandon the old ways and embrace modern agriculture. Makhaya explains that Paulina’s son, Isaac, is absent; Gilbert agrees to accompany Paulina and Makhaya, as he wants to see the desolation of the country firsthand. Makhaya then goes to Paulina. She confesses her love for him, and even though Makhaya does not shed his distant ways, they spend the night together in her hut.
The next morning, Gilbert, Makhaya, and Paulina drive into the countryside around Golema Mmidi. They encounter complete desolation. The only animals moving about are vultures and jackal; the remains of dead cattle and wild buck can be seen in the stillness. From a distance, the three see vultures circling above the Sebeso cattle post. They arrive and find that all of Paulina’s cattle have died; her son is also dead, his bones picked clean and lying on the floor of a hut.
Although Paulina wants to see her son, Makhaya prevents her from doing so. He remains behind while Gilbert takes Paulina back to the village, and discovers a collection of the boy’s woodcarvings. George Appleby-Smith and a doctor, who judges the boy had died from malnutrition, arrive to register the death; Makhaya then sets the boy’s remains ablaze and puts the ashes in a container. This entire experience proves emotionally exhausting for Makhaya, who drops off to sleep soon after he returns to Golema Mmidi. Soon Maria, who brings an account of Paulina, awakens Makhaya—news of his and Paulina’s liaison has spread around the town. Paulina’s feelings of guilt over Isaac’s death threaten to make her suicidal.
Makhaya goes to see Paulina, who is with Mma-Millipede. Paulina rushes towards him in her sorrow, and Makhaya says he has brought her a memento of her child: the bag of carvings. As Paulina and her companions inspect the carvings, it seems as though Isaac is once more alive and in their presence, evoked by possessions that are so rich in his personality. Though aware that he is in the presence of great sorrow, Makhaya no longer feels pessimistic about his prospects; he can live with dignity even on a continent as socially and politically troubled as Africa.
One morning a week after the discovery of her son’s death, Matenge summons Paulina, sending one of his servants to bring her to court. When Paulina asks what the charges are, the servant refuses to provide any information. Speculating that Matenge wants to see her because she refused to report the death of her son, and offended by the servant’s intrusive conduct, Paulina sets off for the chief’s mansion. As she walks along, many other people join her. Matenge’s conduct over the years has finally led to a confrontation between him and the community.
The people—almost all the residents of Golema Mmidi—assemble peacefully in the village center. Matenge looks out his widow, sees the gathered villagers, and is overcome with tears. He realizes that his life has been spent inflicting needless suffering on those around him and that his efforts have been futile, yielding little more than his own loneliness. The villagers remain sitting outside Matenge’s mansion until Makhaya arrives; after a few questions, the young man breaks down the mansion’s door and finds that Matenge has hanged himself from a rafter. News of the suicide quickly reaches Chief Sekoto and George Appleby-Smith, who are shocked and dispirited despite their usual good humor.
For a short time, the death of Matenge looms over the villagers. Yet, such a bleak event cannot impede the long-term prospects of Golema Mmidi, nor undermine the optimism and dynamism of a man such as Gilbert. Despite the persistence of injustice and political intrigue, Botswana and, by extension, Africa are rich with promise, watched over by a Good God who has the power to bring the best possible people together in one place. This same God is also envisioned as changing Makhaya’s fate, transforming him from a hot-tempered, young man into a more cautious father of a family. When Rain Clouds Gather ends with Makhaya’s proposal of marriage to Paulina Sebeso—a proposal that she accepts and that signals the beginning of a new life for both of them.
The final chapters of When Rain Clouds Gather present loss upon loss—some of which afflict communities well beyond Golema Mmidi. First, “hundreds and thousands” of cattle die all over Botswana, creating a crisis that sends even the normally “reasoning, steady crowd” of cattlemen temporarily reeling (142). Paulina’s son, Isaac, dies alone, the casualty of a chain of lapses and miscommunications for which nobody can easily be assigned complete blame. Finally, Matenge commits suicide, freeing Golema Mmidi from his deleterious influence, yet becoming a symbol of loneliness, despair, and tragedy in the process.
The characters of Head’s novel are not insensitive to these losses, but characters such as Paulina, Makhaya, and the cattlemen are exceptional for the composure and perseverance they show even under the worst possible circumstances. The villagers also maintain their dignity when faced with the death of a long-despised enemy, sitting quietly and waiting for George Appleby-Smith and Chief Sekoto to deal with Matenge’s burial.
By showing the persistence of virtue under such a variety of catastrophes, Head delivers one of the most optimistic statements in what can be read as an optimistic novel: all over the world “people were being drawn closer and closer to each other as brothers, and “once you looked on the other man as your brother, you could not bear that he should want for anything or live in darkness” (176). The novel ends with a reaffirmation of the somewhat unlikely friendship between Gilbert and Makhaya, and with Makhaya’s engagement to Paulina. The people of Golema Mmidi are indeed drawing together, proving their virtue by depending on one another—not lapsing into Makhaya’s earlier pessimism—when trials come their way.
By Bessie Head