61 pages • 2 hours read
JoAnne TompkinsA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section contains references to and graphic descriptions of domestic violence, sexual assault, death by suicide, murder, and animal death.
Isaac Balch explains that he discovered that his son, Daniel, was missing after football practice. He called his ex-wife, Katherine, and organized a search. Then, Daniel’s best friend and neighbor, Jonah Geiger, died by suicide and left a note explaining where to find Daniel’s body.
Sixteen-year-old Evangeline McKensey takes stock of her possessions in the old trailer from which she’s being evicted. Her mother, Viv, abandoned her in early July, and now, in early October, Evangeline is pregnant. She thinks of Daniel’s father and considers making him part of her plan to escape her circumstances.
Daniel’s murder and Jonah’s death received significant news attention. Katherine insisted on a Catholic mass for Daniel, and a student memorial was held at the high school. Both services were filled. Isaac arranged for a Quaker service at the Friends meeting that he and Daniel regularly attended. Isaac’s friend Peter meets him at the door and hugs him. As Isaac sits in the meeting for Daniel, he remembers Daniel as a newborn, at five years old, and at 14. He looks at Katherine, but she’s focused on her companion. After the meeting, Isaac slips out the back door and encounters Jonah’s mother, Lorrie. They share a tense moment before she hurries away.
Evangeline digs through the underbrush and dirt in the woods to find the bracelet that Jonah gave her. She looks at the houses on the hill and identifies Isaac’s house. She imagines being wanted and loved in a warm house but dismisses that possibility, promising it instead to her unborn child.
She remembers living in Seattle with her mother. They shared a one-bedroom apartment while Viv worked and Evangeline went to high school. Matt, Viv’s boyfriend, moved in with them. After several months, he started having sex with Evangeline. Viv caught them one day when she came home early from work. Viv blamed Evangeline and beat her. Viv and Evangeline left the next day and drove to Port Furlong, where Viv rented a trailer and insisted on homeschooling Evangeline for religious reasons. Two weeks later, Viv got a job and left Evangeline home alone all day.
After the service, Isaac thinks about how he came to live in the house. He met Katherine at a Quaker retreat in Pennsylvania, and they married a year later. She decided that they’d move to Port Furlong, Washington, to get away from her past and start fresh.
Katherine and Isaac restored the ground floor but ignored the second floor of the late-Victorian-era house. Daniel was born three years after they bought the house, and they were relieved when the Geigers moved in next door. Jonah became close with Daniel and the rest of the family. When Katherine and Isaac divorced and she moved out, Daniel moved upstairs even though he and Isaac hadn’t finished the restoration.
It’s dark when Isaac enters the house. He calls for his dog, Rufus, and notices that the door to the second floor is open. Isaac is concerned about this but writes it off as the settling movements of an old house. Before he goes to bed, he props a chair against the door to secure it.
Evangeline met Jonah and Daniel at the park two months after her mother left. She was sitting at a picnic table, letting herself dream about a happy future. The boys approached and offered her a beer. Daniel was talkative and self-centered, while Jonah was quiet and reserved. She was instantly drawn to Jonah and recognized part of herself in him. The three spent a few hours talking before the boys drove her toward home and let her out near the woods. She kissed Jonah’s cheek, shocking both boys, before hopping out and disappearing into the woods. When she looked back, she saw Jonah’s face lit up with joy.
Hours before dying, Jonah considers the nature of evil. His main concern is preventing Evangeline from feeling guilty over his death. He tries to identify the source of the evil inside that allowed him to kill. He wonders if evil, in prompting good to fight it, has an element of good in it. He remembers looking at comic book villains with Daniel when they were children. He equates that fascination with evil and seeing his father hit his mother in a parking lot. He also recalls the Quaker meetings that he attended with Isaac and wishes that he’d kept going to recapture the sense of calm he felt there.
Isaac slips in late to Jonah’s funeral to avoid talking with Lorrie. Afterward, he goes home and sits with Rufus on his lap, thinking about Jonah. Jonah was obviously lonely after his father, Roy, died by suicide and even before that, when the family struggled because of Roy’s mental health condition. Jonah often accompanied Isaac and Daniel to the Quaker meetings on Sunday mornings if he spent the night on Saturday. When Daniel stopped going, Jonah joined Isaac alone. Isaac believes that Jonah had a significant sense of the Divine. When Isaac gets up to go to the kitchen, Rufus follows him, and he remembers Rufus following Jonah the same way in the weeks before the murder.
Evangeline emerges from the woods and walks up the drive to Isaac’s house. She decides to stay outside and wait to be found rather than sneaking into the house or knocking on the door. As she waits in the yard outside, she feels a presence inside the house looking at her. She wonders for a moment if it’s Daniel’s ghost but decides that he wouldn’t want to face her after what he did. She sees Isaac standing at the window, eating alone.
Rufus wakes Isaac in the middle of the night, but after being let out, he disappears for 20 minutes. Isaac goes to look for him, and Rufus leads him to Evangeline. He asks if he can help her get home, and she tells him that she has no family, friends, or place to stay. He invites her in, embarrassed at the dirty kitchen, and fixes her a plate of lasagna. She unnerves him slightly because she exudes a sense of familiarity that seems out of place. She asks him to eat with her. Eating with another person awakens Isaac’s appetite, and he begins to feel less depressed.
After Isaac shows Evangeline her room, gets her some clothes, and assures her that she can shower whenever she likes, she thinks about Isaac. He looks different than she expected, has an inner solidity and strength, and dislikes any possibility of seduction. She showers and gets into bed, hearing Rufus against the door. She has trouble sleeping and recalls the last time she saw Daniel. He found her at the same picnic table one evening without Jonah. He sat with her and told her about his frustration over the football team’s lack of dedication. He invited her out to pizza, and she accepted, primarily out of hunger. He drove to the restaurant, and she imagined how nice it would feel to go in with him and be accepted, but he had her wait while he got it. He drove into the woods and led her down a trail and into a clearing.
Jonah remembers an afternoon when he and Daniel were 14. Jonah was in his backyard when Daniel came out of the woods, shirtless, carrying a bench and his BB gun, with Rufus trotting alongside him. Jonah offered to shoot with Daniel, but when he set up the cans, Daniel knocked them down. The boys tussled, as they often did, but Daniel held Jonah down and ground his hips into Jonah. For a moment, Jonah thought that Daniel would kiss him, but Rufus piled on top of them and broke the tension. After they shot targets, Jonah spotted what he thought was a rabbit and hit it. Rufus tore after the animal with Jonah’s encouragement and killed it, but then they discovered that it was the neighbor’s cat. Jonah became distressed, but Daniel reassured him that Rufus killed the cat. Jonah kept Daniel from punishing Rufus, and the boys buried the cat.
Isaac feels Evangeline’s presence as a kind of purification that highlights the mess that he let accumulate. The next morning, he sits down to create lesson plans for his classes, partly to watch for when Evangeline wakes up. He looks at Rufus curled up in the chair and recalls adopting him.
Daniel was seven and begging for a puppy, so Isaac and Daniel went to the animal shelter and looked at all the dogs. Only Rufus suited their family. Daniel and Isaac argued about who the dog looked at first, but when they brought him home, he was clearly in love with Daniel. Daniel named him Rufus and cuddled with him on the living room floor. He was a powerful dog when he was young, and one night, when Isaac let himself in through a side door, Rufus nearly attacked him. Later, Isaac found a mutilated fawn outside and nearly killed the dog, stopping only because Daniel begged him. Daniel said that Rufus was trying to save the fawn from coyotes, but Isaac always felt that seeing the pieces of fawn was a prophecy of danger to his son.
Evangeline comes into the kitchen. Isaac makes her eggs, and she does a load of laundry. Isaac asks if he can contact her family, but she tells him an intricate lie about her parents being dead and an aunt abandoning her. He pushes her on why she came to Port Furlong, and she says that it involved a boy. She says that she can go stay with friends in a neighboring town and will just get her laundry and go, but Isaac asks her to stay for the moment. She agrees, thinking of the cold and fear of the previous days, but refuses to trust Isaac.
Evangeline stays with Isaac, but he worries that she’ll leave. He compares her to a stray terrier he took in once, always looking for escape routes. He sits down with her and makes a plan for her to return to school. He sets two main rules: that she let him know where she is and that she be back for dinner. She agrees, grudgingly, and he arranges for her to get some new clothes. He notices the signs of her pregnancy and (without mentioning it) insists that she go to a doctor. She asks him to make the appointment for an obstetrician instead.
The novel’s chapters alternate among Isaac’s, Jonah’s, and Evangeline’s perspectives and also among different narration types: Jonah’s chapters use the first-person point of view exclusively, Evangeline’s use the third-person close point of view, and Isaac’s shift between the first- and third-person points of view. Whether the narration is in first or third person, it maintains the close point of view, and the diction in each section is in the register of the character. Shifting among the three characters provides multiple perspectives on the events of the plot. Because the people involved in an event come away with their own interpretations of it and views on it, perspective is an important element of one of the novel’s main themes, which these chapters introduce: The Complex Nature of Belief. The shifting point of view highlights how each person’s experience enhances or complicates how a situation or event is viewed. Choosing to shift not just from character to character but also from first to third person offers an additional element of perspective. The narration moves like a camera, zooming in and out on each character’s experiences and emotions. The choice to keep Evangeline’s sections in third person places readers in the same position as Isaac and Jonah, looking at Evangeline and trying to determine what happened in her past and relationships.
Beginning with bare facts rather than reaction or emotion contributes to establishing the book’s concern with the complexity of belief. The facts surrounding Daniel’s and Jonah’s deaths are clear but only raise questions for their friends and family about the reasons for the boys’ actions. The facts alone ignore the impact of actions, and though they’re strictly true, they conceal the deeper truths. Knowing who killed Daniel closed the cases on the murder and death by suicide and precluded any further investigation. The result was that the Balches and the Geigers were left wondering why their sons were dead and had no hope of uncovering the truth.
Evangeline initially refers to Daniel and Jonah collectively in her narration, referring to them as “the boys.” This connects them in her experiences with each boy. In addition, it metaphorically links them beyond their friendship and connected deaths. This foreshadows the similarities between Jonah and Daniel, both in their violent actions and in their insecurities. Even though everyone, including Jonah, agrees that the boys differed in social status, appearance, and general attitude, the boys meld together in the aftermath of their death. The novel linking them in language echoes the thematic and metaphorical linkages throughout the novel. In addition, situating them together in Evangeline’s perspective highlights the novel’s central mystery: the paternity of her baby.
Jonah’s first-person narration frames a memory as a rhetorical situation, which allows him to distance himself from his father’s abuse. He uses the memory as an example of how evil can invade a person’s psyche. He initially describes the confrontation between his father and mother from a distant perspective: “a drunk, dough-looking guy (most definitely not your father) punches a woman in the face (most definitely not your mother)” (36). However, he must come closer to acknowledge what he attempted to avoid. The parentheticals represent his attempt to make the event not intimate and to see its effect had his father simply been a villain like those in comic books. Had his father been evil, and only evil, Jonah could have rejected him and the violence associated with him. As he says, the onlookers who don’t know and love his father “see pure evil […] but [he], because of that tiny bit of love in [him], [doesn’t] know what [he’s] seeing” (36). This “tiny bit of love” relates to the Quaker concept of “that of God in all of us.” Jonah needs to see his father as a whole person rather than just evil. The rhetorical framing, the parentheses, and his shifting perspective all highlight the complexity of belief because Jonah can’t believe that his father is evil, so he’s confused, with no clear path to the truth.
The language that Tompkins uses to end the vignette of Evangeline and Daniel walking into the clearing foreshadows both Evangeline’s rape and Daniel’s subsequent death: “Then the trail opened up and they made what became their final turn” (56). Though the literal meaning is that the brush cleared away and they made one more turn before entering the clearing, the syntax, diction, and placement of the sentence imbue it with metaphor. The sentence is set alone as its own paragraph, all on a single line, and a blank space follows the line before returning to Evangeline’s present point of view. The words “the trail opened up” carry an image of opening, which suggests potential trust yet carries the more sinister elements of rape when Daniel forces Evangeline’s legs apart. Presenting the last turn as “their final turn” indicates that what directly followed was the event that would lead to the end of Daniel’s life and permanently change Evangeline’s life.
Isaac’s and Jonah’s memories of Rufus in the beginning of the novel show a connection between Daniel and Rufus, and the suggestion in the language and the imagery is that both the dog and the boy carry the potential for wildness and therefore violence. Isaac remembers bringing Rufus home and watching his attachment to Daniel. He describes finding them one day cuddled together on the floor: “Boy legs and pup legs were flopped together, and the image was that of a mythic creature, a boy-beast newly birthed in that patch of sun on a warm June morning” (66). The description of the two as a joined mythological “boy-beast” conveys both Daniel’s potential to be beastly and an inherent connection between living beings. This contrast introduces and highlights The Natural Explanations of Violence, especially in comparison to the scenes showing Rufus’s aggression. The scenes that describe how the dog killed the cat and the fawn evoke elements of violence and natural aggression, but both also contain an element of protection. Rufus violently shook and bit the cat at Jonah’s urging, which reveals Jonah’s potential for violence. Rufus and Jonah both seemed placid and gentle both before and after their explosions of violence. The dead fawn that Isaac found, leading him to nearly strangle Rufus, represents a natural capacity for violence. Rufus’s perceived threat led to Isaac’s violence in an attempt to protect his family.
Appearance Versus Reality
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Challenging Authority
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Coming-of-Age Journeys
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Community
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Family
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Fate
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Forgiveness
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Friendship
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Good & Evil
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Grief
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Guilt
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Loyalty & Betrayal
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Mortality & Death
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Mothers
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Nature Versus Nurture
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Order & Chaos
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Power
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Psychological Fiction
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The Best of "Best Book" Lists
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The Future
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The Past
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Trust & Doubt
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Truth & Lies
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