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52 pages 1 hour read

Michael Morpurgo

War Horse

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 1982

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Chapters 13-16Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 13 Summary

Though he is incredibly weakened, Topthorn survives. The horses no longer have to walk through the terrible mud, and the spring brings more sun and healing for the remaining members of the team. The soldiers’ spirits lift, the horses are treated better, and their “newfound health and the optimism of the singing, whistling soldiers [brings them] to a fresh sense of exhilaration” (95). However, “there [are] to be no battles for [them] that summer” (95), and the soldiers and horses can rest for a bit. For the first time since they began fighting in the war, Joey and Topthorn grow fat from idle grazing.

During this time, the two horses are put under the care of a “kind old soldier who had been so good to [them] all winter. Everyone called him Crazy Old Friedrich” (95). Friedrich is often found talking or laughing to himself and frequently given tasks others don’t want to do. His perceived eccentric nature ostracizes him from the other soldiers, so having the company of Joey and Topthorn is a much welcome change for him.

The feeling of companionship is mutual, as Friedrich takes special care of the horses. He leads them at a slower pace when the cart they are pulling is too heavy and is generous with the amount of rest, food, and water he gives them. Joey and Topthorn realize Friedrich is not “crazy, but simply a kind a gentle man whose whole nature cried out against fighting a war” (96-97). Friedrich finds the war senseless, and if it weren’t for the risk of shaming his family, he would leave.

While Friedrich is kind to both horses, he has a stronger affection for Topthorn. Joey observes “an empathy between them, that of one soldier to another” (98). When it’s clear that the brief period of peace is coming to an end, Friedrich volunteers to lead Joey and Topthorn in the gun-team exercises. The soldiers scoff at this but need good horsemen, “and so [the horses find themselves] the leading pair once again” (98). Friedrich, who rides on Topthorn, promises to do everything he can to ensure the three of them get home safely.

Chapter 14 Summary

Friedrich leads the horses toward battle, and as they stop to rest, two young soldiers approach them. Rudi, a farmer before joining the war, is especially taken with Topthorn’s fine features. His friend, Karl, laughs at Rudi being awestruck over a horse, to which Rudi responds, “To find a horse like this in the middle of this filthy abomination of a war is for me like finding a butterfly on a dung heap” (100). As he is speaking, Joey notices how young Rudi is. He looks about the same age as Albert was when they were separated: “a child dressed up as a soldier” (101). Despite their significant age difference, Rudi and Friedrich are alike in their respect and love for the horses. Rudi walks alongside Friedrich, Joey, and Topthorn as they walk to the river to drink.

At the river, Topthorn seems to be behaving as normal. He dips his head in the water and shakes it onto Joey to cool him off, just as he always does. Once they leave the river, however, Topthorn suddenly stumbles, his movements requiring more effort with each step. His breathing is “suddenly short and rasping” (101), then he drops to his knees. Topthorn looks up at Joey one last time before slumping over. Joey “bend[s] down to nuzzle him […] but [he knows] instinctively that he [is] dead” (102). Friedrich kneels on the ground beside Topthorn and cries out that the horse has died. A soldier tries to get Friedrich to keep moving, but Friedrich refuses to leave Topthorn’s side.

The veterinary officer runs down the hill to inspect the body and comes to the same conclusion. He shakes his head in sadness, saying, “We should not treat horses like this—we treat our machines better” (103). He laments the harsh conditions of working too much on too little food that have led to the needless deaths of many horses in the war, including Topthorn. The soldiers stand around Friedrich and Topthorn in silence, “in a moment of spontaneous respect and sadness” (103). Many of them had come to love and respect Topthorn during their time together; he had become a part of their lives.

Their mourning is interrupted by an explosion that lands in the river. The silence turns to screams as men run toward them to escape the shelling behind them. Joey’s “first inclination [is] to run with them” (104), but he shakes it off, refusing to abandon Topthorn. Friedrich does all he can to get Joey to leave, “but no man can move a horse that does not wish to be moved, and [Joey does] not want to go” (104). After pulling on Joey’s reins and pleading with him to move, Friedrich drops the reins and begins to run. He is too slow, however, and is soon shot down. His body rolls back toward Topthorn and lands beside him, dead. Joey remains where he is, watching his troop “struggling to pull the gun up through the trees” (104) until they disappear, leaving Joey alone with the bodies of his dearest friends.

Chapter 15 Summary

Joey stays where he is “all that day and into the night” (105). The shelling continues all around him, but his fear is “overwhelmed by a powerful sense of sadness and love that [compels him] to stay with Topthorn for as long as [he can]” (105). Joey knows that once he leaves Topthorn behind, he will be completely and utterly alone.

At dawn, Joey looks up from his grazing to a deafening sound that fills the air. A roar of grating steel emerges from a “gray lumbering monster that belch[es] out smoke from behind” (106). Though Joey doesn’t realize it, the monster is a tank; before long, multiple tanks advance toward him. Joey stands and watches them move past Topthorn and Friedrich's bodies and then takes off running. He runs “through empty farmyards, jumping fences and ditches and abandoned trenches, and clattering through deserted, ruined villages” (107). He stops to sleep in a meadow, where he no longer hears the terrible sounds of tanks and guns.

Joey awakes to the sound of explosions all around him. He moves, directionless, to escape and runs straight into a barbed wire fence, his foreleg getting snared in the coil of barbs. He eventually manages to pull free, but not without injuring his leg, and he can only limp along after that. Joey, “[b]leeding, bruised, and terrified beyond belief” (108), wishes that Topthorn were with him to lead the way.

Joey’s leg continues to stiffen throughout the night; eventually, he can’t put any weight on it. For Joey, this is “the longest night of [his] life, a nightmare of agony, terror, and loneliness” (109). The mist surrounding him grows thick, and he must rely on only the sounds of the roaring tanks and gunfire to know which way to move next. When he finally stops and takes his bearings, he finds himself in a “wide corridor of mud, a wasted shattered landscape, between two fast, unending rolls of barbed wire” (112). He has arrived again in “no-man’s-land” (112).

Chapter 16 Summary

In no-man’s-land, Joey walks back and forth between the German and the British, searching for a hole in the barbed wire fence. He is drawn to both sides by the smell of warm food and the soldiers who cheer him on as he nears them. However, the fence bars him from crossing into either camp, and he has to settle for eating “a small patch of coarse, dank grass growing on the lip of an old crater” (114) to satisfy his gnawing hunger.

While devouring what little grass is left in no-man’s-land, Joey spies an older German soldier “climb[ing] up out of the trenches, waving a white flag above his head” (114). Meanwhile, on the other side, a young, red-faced British soldier emerges with a white flag of his own. The German cups his hand and extends it in Joey’s direction. Joey slowly walks toward it in hopes of being given food. Behind him, the British soldier calls after Joey, telling him to wait.

Eventually, the two soldiers come face to face with each other, and “[f]or a few strained, silent moments, the two [stand] yards apart from each other, eyeing one another” (115). The British soldier, who turns out to be a young Welshman, breaks the silence. Luckily, the German speaks some English, and the two can communicate.

Neither knows the best way to determine who is entitled to take Joey. Instead of heavily debating who will keep the horse, the two soldiers turn their attention to Joey’s wounded leg. The Welshman examines it tenderly and says it isn’t broken, but the horse has clearly lost a lot of blood. They will need to act fast to treat the wound, “or else the poison will set in, and there won’t be a lot anyone can do for him” (117). Both soldiers have veterinary hospitals where they could take the horse, so they decide to flip a coin for Joey. Whoever wins the coin toss will take him to their side of no-man’s-land and care for him there.

The Welshman wins the coin toss, and he and the German part ways civilly. The German remarks on the irony of their situation, saying, “We’ve shown them, haven’t we? We have shown them that any problem can be solved between people if only they can trust each other” (119). The Welshman agrees, amazed at the truth in the German’s comment. With that, the soldiers part ways, and Joey is again led to the British army's side.

Chapters 13-16 Analysis

In this section, Morpurgo brings the question of the purpose of war to the forefront through the character of Friedrich. He tells the horses, “It’s the others who are crazy, but they don’t know it. They fight a war and they don’t know what for” (97). He says he would run away if he could, but he would be shot, and his family would be shamed. The war is also questioned when, once again, its impact on the youth is shown. Rudi, one of the men who stops to admire Topthorn and Joey, looks “without his helmet, like a child dressed up as a soldier” (101). This is one of many references to how young the soldiers were in World War I and a reminder that an entire generation of young, innocent lives was shed on both sides.

Morpurgo also shows the emotional turmoil inflicted on horses during the war, which reaches its peak when Joey loses Topthorn. His death nearly proves to be too much for Joey. His first instinct is to run away when the shelling starts, but he knows that as soon as he leaves Topthorn, he will be “alone in the world again, that [he] would no longer have his strength and support beside [him]” (105). Thus, he stays with him as long as he can until the rumbling of the ever-approaching tank frightens him away.

The mild conversation between the German and British soldiers who peacefully discuss Joey’s future starkly contrasts the carnage of battle. While the countries may be at war, these young men appear to have little animosity toward each other as they work together to save a magnificent animal. Rather than dueling or fighting, the two decide to flip a coin to determine who will take Joey back to their camp, and after the German loses the toss, he holds “out his other hand in a gesture of friendship and reconciliation” (119). His remark that before long, they will be trying to kill each other again, and “God only knows why we do it, and I think He has maybe forgotten why” (119) is a commentary on the convoluted rationale for war, where the leaders are often the only ones who truly understand why it started and how to make it end. In this moment, these young men solve a small problem in a big war easily and peacefully, with trust in a common goal. 

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