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64 pages 2 hours read

E. R. Braithwaite

To Sir with Love

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1959

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Chapters 18–21Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 18 Summary

For Blanchard’s birthday, Braithwaite has gotten her a book of poems, and Blanchard tells him that she has made reservations for the two of them to watch Paisan, at the Academy, and then eat at the elegant Poisson d’Or. The students ask if she is Braithwaite’s girlfriend. All are enamored with her, except for Pamela.

On her birthday, they play a game on public transport, making up the names of stops along the route. They enjoy the film and head to the restaurant, which is a play on underwater dining. The maître d’ and waiter are casually rude to Braithwaite and Blanchard. The waiter spills Braithwaite’s soup and does not apologize, and Blanchard decides they should leave. They take a taxi to Blanchard’s apartment, and Blanchard is silent and refuses to look at Braithwaite. Braithwaite is confused by her behavior, but then she invites him in, albeit coldly. Blanchard angrily straightens her apartment, and Braithwaite waits apprehensively.

After he gives her the book of poems, Blanchard confronts Braithwaite about why he allowed the waiter to treat him terribly. She then says he should have hit him, and asks why someone always has to stand up for him. Braithwaite maintains that violence never solves anything and that they should forget the incident. Blanchard tells him she hates him. She throws the book of poems at him, and then herself, before collapsing in tears.

Blanchard asks if that kind of thing happens often, and Braithwaite is surprised by her ignorance of “the virus of racial intolerance” (148). Braithwaite says that the only way to prevent it from happening again is if they break up. Blanchard asks if that’s what he wants, and Braithwaite says no. They say they love each other, but Blanchard says she’s afraid, and asks Braithwaite if it bothers him. Braithwaite says it does, but that he tries to “live with dignity inside my black skin” (149).

Braithwaite explains his past troubles to Blanchard, who apologizes for her behavior. Blanchard says she plans to tell her parents that Braithwaite is Black, and that she wants Braithwaite to meet them, assuring him they’ll accept him. Blanchard admits to not being brave, but says she’ll try to be, for Braithwaite’s sake. Braithwaite feels protective of her.

Chapter 19 Summary

Braithwaite finds strength in teaching. When he goes out in the community, he is treated with respect because everyone knows he is a teacher at Greenslade. The parents tell him stories of their other children, although Braithwaite is often confused who they are referring to. Sometimes, the deference the parents show Braithwaite embarrasses him, as he frequently receives preferential treatment to other customers. In class, Braithwaite feels that both he and the children are growing—that the students are learning about the world, and how to express themselves and disagree with one another without cursing, and that he is learning how they relate to their surrounding environments.

The school gets a new gym teacher, Mr. Bell, a perfectionist fencer who expects much from the students. Bell picks on Richard Buckley, “a short, fat boy, amiable and rather dim […although] a favorite with the others who … were ever ready in his defense against outsiders” (153). Sometimes the class protests Bell’s treatment of Buckley, “and then Bell would turn on them the full flood of his invective” (153). The students mention this unfairness in their Weekly Reviews, and Florian gently chastises Bell, explaining that financial situations prohibit the students from being as clean as Bell wants. Bell is disrespectful towards Florian, refusing to change his ways.

The next Monday, Bell decides to make Richard Buckley vault, which Buckley does not want to do. Bell yells at him, but Buckley resists, infuriating Bell with “this unexpected show of defiance” (155). Denham tries to come to Buckley’s aid, but Bell yells at him. Buckley decides to try it, but crashes to the floor and breaks the vault. Buckley looks hurt if not dead, and the class rushes to his help, except for Potter, who picks up a piece of the broken vault and comes after a terrified Bell. Jackson goes to fetch Braithwaite, who is in his classroom for the incident. Braithwaite positions himself between Potter and Bell, takes the piece of broken vault, and makes Potter go help Buckley. Bell leaves the room, and Denham curses him, which Braithwaite lets slide.

Braithwaite goes to help Buckley, who is slightly injured but mainly okay, and the other students start talking all at once, which Braithwaite mostly ignores. Braithwaite enlists Seales and Sapiano to take Buckley to Dale-Evans, and then leaves to search for Bell, feeling torn as to what he should do. He finds Bell in the staffroom, and tells him to make a report, questioning his actions. Bell is incredibly defensive. Braithwaite tries to calm him, and tells him he’s asked the boys to remain silent about the incident. Braithwaite tells Clinty what has happened, and Clinty says that maybe he’ll stop bullying the students as much. Braithwaite maintains that the only reason it was a problem was because Buckley got hurt, and the other students feel protective of him. Braithwaite leaves abruptly, feeling uncomfortable around Clinty.

Braithwaite finds his male students in the classroom “closely grouped together, looking rather sheepish” (159). Braithwaite admonishes Potter for his behavior, which he and the other students feel is unjust. Potter tries to explain himself and is backed up by Denham, but Braithwaite will hear no excuse, maintaining that Potter must apologize to Bell. Braithwaite explains that in real life, people will try to upset them, and they cannot resort to violence. Denham is outraged, but Braithwaite is respectful, saying that if Potter is unsatisfied with the way he responded, he should apologize, regardless of whether Bell apologizes.

Seales says Braithwaite does not understand because “nobody tries to push you around” (162). With uncharacteristic emotion, Braithwaite explains that he has been pushed around a lot, but violence is not the answer. Potter goes to apologize to Bell in the staffroom, and Bell comes and apologizes to the class, all of whom want to forget the incident. 

Chapter 20 Summary

A newspaper comes to the school, which Florian thinks represents “an excellent opportunity to reply to his critics and detractors” (164). He asks the staff for its cooperation, although no mention of the media is made to the children. The students are excited at having their picture taken. The reporter asks to photograph Braithwaite to exemplify the school’s “democracy and tolerance,”and Braithwaite says he will not take part in such “propaganda” (165), disappointing both Florian and the reporter.

When the report is published, it portrays Florian as decrepit, the girls as uncouth, and the boys as bored, depraved cigarette smokers. Braithwaite finds the whole thing vulgar and sickening, although “the children were not upset by the publicity…. we discovered that they had been induced to pose with the cigarettes” (166). The staff are all incredibly upset, each feeling as though they have suffered a personal attack. Florian admits to being misled as to the nature of the report, and Weston tries to blame him, although Clinty sticks up for Florian, saying that Weston also wanted the newspapers there, as did the rest of them.

Miss Phillips asks Braithwaite why he objected to being photographed, and Braithwaite responds that he did not want to be featured as an oddity. Weston asks if he isn’t an oddity, and Braithwaite takes him to task for questioning his masculinity and teaching skills. Weston makes a jab at Florian. Clinty mocks Weston’s dancing. Blanchard speaks for the first time in a staff meeting, saying that they should not fault the reporter himself, but rather the editor and public opinion. She maintains that the public will have forgotten it by tomorrow, which makes Florian feel better.

A few days later, Seales comes in late, breaking down while explaining to Braithwaite that his mother died this morning. The class is sympathetic, and they take up a collection to send flowers to Seales’ home. However, when Braithwaite asks who will take the flowers there, the class devolves from “pleasantly united comradery” to the “watchful antagonism [Braithwaite] had encountered on [his] first day” (69). Braithwaite scolds the students for their rudeness, and then Moira Joseph says, “It’s what people would say if they saw us going to a colored person’s home” (169). Braithwaite is levelled by her comment, convinced that his work has been in vain.

Unable to face his students, Braithwaite leaves class, wanting to talk to someone who will understand him but feeling utterly alone amongst a sea of white faces. He decides to tell Florian, who says that he is glad this happened, for Braithwaite’s sake. Braithwaite gets angry, feeling that Florian is taking the students’ side, but Florian says Braithwaite must be patient; he cannot expect to change long-standing prejudices in a mere, few months. When Braithwaite leaves, he wonders about what would happen if Blanchard and he were to marry.

Upon entering the classroom, Jaqueline Bender tries to explain that if any of the girls went to Seales’ house, their moral integrity would be questioned. The boys don’t say anything. Finally, Pamela says she will take the flowers, adding, “gossips don’t worry me” (172).

The day of the funeral, Braithwaite takes the bus to Seales’ house, his mind spinning with anger at his students’ racism. He arrives to find most of his students outside Seales’ house and becomes overwhelmed with emotion. Pamela Dare gives him her handkerchief. 

Chapter 21 Summary

Braithwaite meets Blanchard’s parents, concerned with the potential stress he will put on both Blanchard and her parents if they do marry. Braithwaite and her parents exchange pleasantries; her father starts speaking about South America, then Aruba: the native language, the burros, and the club where men played basketball: “It’s a man’s town. Men everywhere and more men” (176).

Blanchard’s father remembers the name of the Aruban brothel, Hija del Dia, much to the embarrassment of Braithwaite, who maintains he “gave it wide berth” (176), although he remembers the lines of men that formed outside of it. Braithwaite remembers that Aruba lacked both natural resources and women. Braithwaite remembers men referring to the prostitutes as meat. Mr. Blanchard says he never went in, either, but he remembers those lines.

Mr. Blanchard says that he and his wife first decided not to interfere when they heard Gillian was dating a Black man, but now that they realize it is serious, he wants Braithwaite to understand the lifetime of difficulties their mixed-race marriage would create, including problems for their children. Braithwaite tries to remain calm, saying that the children would be his and Gillian’s concern—the same as if they had children with deformities. Mr. Blanchard takes offense but remains civil, saying they should wait before making any huge decisions. Mr. Blanchard also says they should be friendly toward one another. 

Chapters 18–21 Analysis

While the chapters prior to Chapter 17 deal primarily with internal forces of strife that Braithwaite must mediate, these chapters involve external forces which cause conflict for Braithwaite himself.

Braithwaite’s first encounter with external conflict almost destroys the relationship between himself and Blanchard. The root of this conflict, and indeed the root of many conflicts within this novel, seems to come from a lack of understanding: Blanchard does not understand what it means to be a Black man in English society. Just as Braithwaite did not understand the social ills that plagued his students in the beginning of the book, resulting in contentious interpersonal relationships, Blanchard’s ignorance of the racism prevalent within English society leads her to demonize Braithwaite for his apparent apathy towards instances of prejudice. She seems to question his manhood as a result, which leads Braithwaite to in turn condemn her. However, in a rather trite ending, love seems to conquer all, and Blanchard agrees to try to be brave for Braithwaite’s sake.

As foreshadowed by Chapter 17, the conflict with the new gym class instructor deals with an outside authority figure who cannot relate to the students. In many ways, Mr. Bell represents an earlier Braithwaite, an authority figure who uses fear to force the students to behave. However, Mr. Bell’s lack of empathy for the students, evident in his disgust at their collective smell, presents his undoing, as does his belief that the students are, in fact, a collective. Whereas Braithwaite has learned the importance of individualization in his relationships with the students, Mr. Bell views any opposition to himself as open rebellion from the class at large. This belief in collective identity leads the students to act as a kind of mob, which Braithwaite is only able to calm by treating them individually for their actions. Braithwaite has learned the power of dealing with a single individual at a time in fostering his interpersonal relationships with the students.

Similarly, the advent of a news reporter and the school’s subsequent demonization within the report marks the conflict between the community of Greenslade and public opinion at large. Throughout the novel, Greenslade exists as an environment untainted by the societal pressures evident in the East End. However, this conflict demonstrates the folly in this belief; rather than Greenslade being cut off from society, it is merely a microcosm of the community the school serves. As such, this conflict serves to foreshadow future conflicts that will arise as Braithwaite reinserts himself into English society, as opposed to only occupying space within the relative safety of the Greenslade community.

Within the same chapter, the outside conflicts of death and prevailing racism test the relationships between the students themselves and between Braithwaite and his students. Braithwaite worries that all his teaching and his time spent with them has been for naught, as a singular individual cannot hope to change hundreds of years’ worth of prejudice. However, after being adequately shamed by an authority figure they hold in high regard, the students dismiss the prejudices of their neighbors, finding solidarity in numbers. While individuallythey may feel as though they can be subjected to the gossip of racist town members, the students find that change can come as a result of cooperation, and that community can overcome oppression. Similarly, it is Braithwaite’s interpersonal relationship with his students that brings them to this conclusion, indicating that empathy can disrupt the systemic nature of racism.

Braithwaite finds the same idea to hold true in his relationship to Gillian Blanchard. The conversation with Blanchard’s parents does not represent as severe a conflict as those evident in the previous chapters; however, its potential for conflict is much greater. In this way, the author sets up the novel as a story that never ends, just as the characters fighting against racism and prejudice cannot stop fighting. Braithwaite and Blanchard’s relationship will always be tried by outside prejudices; however, with mutual love and determination, Braithwaite and Blanchard believe they can overcome these barriers if they face these conflicts together. This conflict again demonstrates the importance of interpersonal relationships at overcoming the problems associated with racism. 

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