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R. F. KuangA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Rin is devastated by Altan’s addiction. She has seen debilitating opium addiction her entire life. Ramsa says that after everything Altan’s been through, they have no right to judge him.
After a fortnight, Rin overhears Chaghan and Altan arguing. Altan says Daji gave him permission to free the immured shamans in Chuluu Korikh. Chaghan is adamantly against this, as shamans are only interred after they go mad with unmediated godly power. Altan orders Chaghan to obey or leave the Cike.
Chaghan tells Rin that Altan is losing himself to the Phoenix. He reveals the source of Altan’s power: During their occupation of Nikan, the Federation built a research base near Speer and experimented on Speerlies to understand shamanism. Altan spent half his life in the facility being drugged, tortured, and experimented on. He now hates so deeply and completely that the Phoenix always lives inside him.
Rin returns to Altan with newfound understanding of his addiction. She takes his opium pipe and inhales from it. Altan asks Rin to go with him to Chuluu Korikh. She pledges her allegiance to him.
The chapter begins with an excerpt about Chuluu Korikh from The Seejin Classification of Deities. The Grand Marshal of the Heavenly Forces, Erlang Shen, dislikes humans. His twin sister, Sanshengmu, believes that humans need the gods’ help. She lives her life as a mortal, falling in love and having a son. Her brother, enraged, imprisons her in a stone mountain that disables magical powers. This is Chuluu Korikh, the only place powerful enough to contain a god.
As they ride to the mountain, Altan tells Rin that Chaghan thinks the Gatekeeper is in Chuluu Korikh, and that he might know where the Warrior is. Altan also tells Rin about the last Cike who was immured, Feylen. Altan believes that it’s possible to bring shamans back to sanity.
After two days, they reach Chuluu Korikh. Upon entering, Rin feels her magic being suppressed. They find a register of immured shamans and at the top is Jiang’s name. While Rin suspected he was the Gatekeeper, this is her first confirmation. They break Jiang free from his plinth, and Rin begs him for help. Jiang says that if he were to leave the mountain, he’d bring terrible forces into the world. He warns them of the devastation that would come from Altan’s plan. He apologizes to Altan for not saving him when he saw Daji turning him into a weapon, but he insists that Rin can still be saved. Rin says she will follow Altan’s orders. Disappointed, Jiang seals himself back into his plinth.
Altan breaks open Feylen’s plinth. He is lost to his god and escapes. At the cave’s exit, Rin and Altan encounter Federation soldiers. Without their powers, they fall easily.
Rin wakes in a wagon with Altan beside her. Altan tries to use his fire to escape, but they are knocked out again with gas. When Rin wakes again, she’s in a laboratory surrounded by jarred and labeled Nikara body parts. She and Altan are in the human laboratory near Speer.
Dr. Eyimchi Shiro enters and recognizes Altan. He injects Altan with heroin, which he says is Altan’s favorite drug. He tells Rin that if she refuses to answer his questions about shamanism, he will inject Altan again. Rin doesn’t break and Shiro leaves for the day.
Through the night, Altan goes through withdrawals and begs for death. When Shiro returns, Rin says she won’t sell out Nikan and Daji. Shiro says Daji is the one who told the Federation where Rin and Altan were. Altan grows irate and the guards inject both him and Rin. With the heroin in her blood, Rin finds Altan in the spirit realm. She asks him to give her the key to his power. He takes her back through centuries of Speerly history. The restless and unavenged ghosts of Rin’s ancestors fill her with knowledge of their culture. An old man tells her to go to Speer and call the Phoenix at its temple.
When she and Altan wake, they summon flames that incinerate their bindings and Shiro. They make it to the pier but are surrounded by the Federation. Altan tells Rin that he must remain behind to destroy the research facility. His self-immolation destroys the facility and the surrounding army.
Rin swims to Speer, haunted by the image of Altan’s final moments. She hears the Woman’s voice in her head, telling her to stay away. She sees visions of the havoc Feylen is wreaking and of Chaghan and Qara breaking a dam to flood the countryside. She also sees a vision of the moment Mai’rinnen Tearza refused to sacrifice the world to the Phoenix for the sake of Speer. She sees Jiang immured in the stone mountain.
The beach at Speer is covered in bones. A voice guides her to the temple of the Phoenix. She enters the spirit world and is confronted by Tearza, who warns her fruitlessly a final time. Rin finally meets the Phoenix. She tells it that she wants to end the Federation. It warns her that her choice will result in the death of many. Rin asks it to burn them all, promising an unending river of blood in return.
Rin becomes a conduit for the Phoenix; through her, millions of Mugenese people are immediately killed. Rin understands the atrocity she’s committed and forces herself to think of her victims as faceless numbers, not humans. Rin drags herself from the temple and collapses on the beach.
Rin wakes three days later aboard a ship. Ramsa greets her outside her room and says that the mainland is chaos. The Cike are all aboard except for Chaghan and Qara, who will join soon. They and Kitay tracked the Federation to Shiro’s lab, where Kitay had the idea to go to Speer.
Rin seeks out Kitay and asks what she did while on Speer. He brings her to the ship deck and points in the direction of the island of Mugen, where a pulsating mushroom cloud lingers: Rin triggered a dormant volcano. The eruption instantly killed many, suffocated more, and will slowly starve even more. Kitay asks if the Phoenix forced her to do it, but Rin asserts that she chose to destroy the Federation. Horrified by her remorselessness, Kitay says what she did is no different than what Mugen did to Speer.
Rin cannot banish the Phoenix from her mind. She begs Enki for opium nuggets to drown out his voice. Days later, Chaghan and Qara return. Rin tells Chaghan that Altan is dead. Qara reveals that Altan had her and Chaghan break a central levy to destroy the Federation’s supply routes, subsequently killing all the local civilians. Rin remembers proposing a similar strategy at the Academy (in Chapter 5), which both her classmates and Irjah found horrifyingly brutal.
At dawn the next day, the Cike hold a Speerly ceremony to commemorate Altan’s death. Rin tells Chaghan about Daji’s betrayal and asks if he will lead the Cike against her and Feylen. Chaghan says that Altan named Rin his successor. She and Chaghan shake hands, united in the atrocities they’ve committed and their desire for revenge. Rin is secure in her decision and vows to call the gods to do terrible things.
Like the Golyn Niis Massacre, Rin and Altan’s experiences in Shiro’s lab exemplify The Brutality of War and the Dehumanization of the Enemy. These scenes draw heavily from the actions of the Imperial Japanese Army’s Unit 731 in the Second Sino-Japanese War. Unit 731 tested biological weapons and committed lethal human experimentation on Chinese people, including non-anesthetized vivisections. Chaghan recounts Altan witnessing something similar in Shiro’s lab: “Did you know they kept them alive as long as they could, even when they had peeled their flesh away from their rib cages, so they could see how their muscles moved while they were splayed out like rabbits?” (437). Shiro recounts for Rin and Altan how he isolated the plague in fleas so the Federation could release it over Nikara cities; similarly, Unit 731 bred plague-inflected fleas to release over Chinese cities (“CIA Special Collection ISHII, Shiro_0005.” Wayback Machine. 27 June 1947. Archived 9 August 2020). Nakagawa Yonezo, who studied at Kyoto University during the Second Sino-Japanese War, recounted the playful curiosity of Unit 731: “What medical purpose was served by performing and studying beheadings? None at all. That was just playing around” (Gold, Hal. Japan’s Infamous Unit 731: First-hand Accounts of Japan’s Wartime Human Experimentation Program. Tuttle Publishing, 2019, p. 222). Shiro also demonstrates playful fascination, complimenting Rin and Altan as if they are specimens, not people. The horrors of Shiro’s lab are heightened by their clear historical precedent.
The final chapters emphasize the power of choice amid The Brutality of War and firmly establish Rin as an antihero. Kuang has stated that Rin makes choices she thinks will save her friends and loved ones, but her trauma and her lack of stable mentorship make these bad choices—at the same time, “it’s the only choice that [she] could have made” (Winchester, Kendra. “Interview with R. F. Kuang.” Reading Women. 20 January 2021). Rin makes two troubling choices: the decision to go with Altan to Chuluu Korikh and the decision to set the Phoenix on the Federation. In both cases, Rin is warned, and she shows that she’s aware of the consequences of her actions.
When she goes to Chuluu Korikh, Rin doesn’t “know if the country [will] survive [Altan’s] plan” (447), but “the alternative [is] the extermination of every Nikara alive” (446). Rin views these as separate consequences. “The country” is a vague entity, but the “Nikara” are her friends and loved ones, like Kitay and the Cike. She is dedicated to her chosen path to a fault, even when she knows the horror that awaits. Jiang warns her explicitly that her actions will enable the cycle of wartime violence to continue: “If you unleash this on Mugen, you will ensure that this war will continue for generations” (458). Jiang points out the false parallelism Rin and Altan are creating between saving Nikan and razing Mugen: “There is a world of difference between them, and the fact that you don’t see that is why you can’t do this. Your patriotism is a farce” (459). Even so, Rin and Altan are too deep into their addictions—power and revenge—to heed him. They cling to their justifications to the end.
Rin similarly ignores Mai’rinnen Tearza’s warnings. Tearza tells Rin, “If I hadn’t given up Speer, the world would be burning right now” (500). She allowed the subjugation of her own people to prevent unthinkable levels of catastrophe. Rin, who is vengeful, power-hungry, and traumatized, cannot think this holistically. For Rin, Tearza’s decision to save the world was not worth it because the Speerlies were consequently subjected to “death and slavery” (500). Rin denounces Tearza’s choice because it ultimately robbed her of her people. This recalls Jiang’s accusation: “You dress your crusade with moral arguments, when in truth you would let millions die if it means you get your so-called justice” (459). After all that she has seen of The Brutality of War and the Dehumanization of the Enemy, Rin chooses to seize and weaponize those very things as retribution.
Rin tells the Phoenix that she is destined to make these choices as the last Speerly, but the Phoenix disagrees: “At every critical juncture you were given an option; you were given a way out. Yet you picked precisely the roads that led you here” (502). Rin thinks that her choice is justified, though she will bear the genocide on her shoulders forever. She believes that “[f]or the sake of her vengeance, it was worth it. This was divine retribution for what the Federation had wreaked on her people. This was her justice” (502). Rin now fully embodies the antihero, focused only on her immediate objective. The reader is forced to consider whether Rin is a good person, a bad one, or whether such a dichotomy is false to begin with.
Like Jiang, Kitay rejects Rin after learning she purposely committed genocide. As Rin’s foil, Kitay has often provided perspectives that oppose Rin’s, most notably his humanization of the Federation soldiers. After witnessing The Brutality of War and the Dehumanization of the Enemy at Golyn Niis, Kitay admits that the Federation are “monsters,” but even the massacre does not justify the genocide of innocents in his mind. This directly opposes Chaghan and Qara’s insistence that Rin got justice for Altan and ended the Third Poppy War. These conflicting views add further nuance to ideas of morality and “the greater good” during wartime.
By R. F. Kuang
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