52 pages • 1 hour read
Arnold BennettA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
This chapter opens two years after the events of Chapter 3. Constance has been put to work in the shop and is growing comfortable with the work, while Sophia has been studying for a teaching career. The town of Bursley is hosting a traveling carnival, and all the residents are abuzz about an elephant that went on a rampage and had to be shot dead. Constance and Mrs. Baines go see the dead elephant, while Sophia remains behind. As the only family member at home, she takes her turn to sit in her father’s bedroom. Shortly after the others leave, Sophia sees someone approaching in the street and goes downstairs to the family shop. The visitor is Gerald Scales, a traveling salesman who keeps the draper’s shop stocked with cloth and whom Sophia briefly caught sight of on a previous visit. That visit had stayed in her mind, and in a flush of infatuation, she rushes down to the shop to meet him again.
When Sophia returns upstairs, she finds that in her absence, her father has slipped partway off the bed, asphyxiated, and died. The passing of Mr. Baines is the end of an era for their family, but it also brings a reprieve: “[T]he secret relief resulting from the death would not be entirely hidden” (117). At the end of the funeral banquet, Sophia pledges to give up her plan to be a teacher and return to work in the shop. Mrs. Baines regards this as a triumph.
Bennett picks up the narrative two years after the events of Chapter 4. In the intervening time, Samuel has begun taking more of a leading role in managing the shop. Sophia has been working in the shop, and there has been no word from Gerald. Returning from a New Year’s Eve service, Sophia and the others find Gerald sitting on their doorstep—the first time they have seen him since the day John died. This unexpected event startles Sophia: “Mr. Scales sitting on her mother’s doorstep in the middle of the snowy night had assuredly the air of a miracle, of something dreamed in a dream […]” (128). Gerald has been traveling through the area and claims to have been assaulted by some ruffians, so the family takes him in and hears his story. He returns the next day, showering attention on Sophia and coyly setting up an impromptu rendezvous later that day. Mrs. Baines later finds out about their meeting, however, and confronts Sophia about it, adding to the rising tension between them.
This chapter opens by relaying Sophia’s experiences and feelings about her meeting with Gerald. She has fallen in love with him, romantically idealizing what little she knows about him. Mrs. Baines, however, is suspicious of Gerald and sets a plan in motion to ensure that Sophia won’t be able to see him on his next business trip. She knows about his arrival in advance and puts Sophia in a different department, where she must attend to customers. The plan falls apart when Samuel—whose attraction to Constance is growing more noticeable—becomes jealous of Constance’s conversation with Gerald. Eventually, Sophia comes out of the other department, having finished with her customers, and joins Constance at the counter just as Samuel invents an excuse to draw Constance away. Mrs. Baines enters to find Gerald talking to Sophia—just the result she hoped to prevent.
As Gerald speaks with Sophia, he slips her a note suggesting another rendezvous. Later, they meet at a spot near the construction of a railroad bed, and in a moment of boyish impulse Gerald scales a wall to peer into a mineshaft, which makes Sophia terrified for his safety. When he sees her reaction, he tries to comfort her in a teasing and intimate way. While Sophia is still head-over-heels in love with him, she’s also taken aback by his presumption:
Did he suppose, because she chanced to be walking with him, that he had the right to address her familiarly, to tease her, to call her ‘silly little thing’ and to put his face against hers? She resented his freedom with quick and passionate indignation (150).
She leaves in a huff but holds onto his parting call that he’ll write to her. On her return, her mother confronts her again, expressing her disapproval of Gerald, but when their conversation is done, Sophia still hopes to hear from her admirer.
Mrs. Baines’s older sister, Harriet, arrives. The two sisters discuss the family situation and agree that Sophia will go to live with Harriet in the nearby town of Axe. Sophia discerns the real motive behind this plan—to keep her and Gerald apart—but goes with her aunt anyway. With Sophia gone, Mrs. Baines turns her attention to her other daughter—and is surprised to find that this situation has become far more advanced than she thought. Over dinner, Samuel brings up the possibility of he and Constance getting engaged. When Mrs. Baines hesitates, he grows angry and offended. In the end, they leave the matter unresolved, with the expectation that Mrs. Baines will provide an answer later.
Harriet returns, looking for Sophia, as Sophia has run away on the pretense of returning to Bursley. Harriet and Mrs. Baines figure out that Sophia has gone away with Gerald, who (they learn from Mr. Critchlow) abandoned his commercial company after receiving an inheritance. Soon thereafter, they receive a note from London: “Dear Mother, I am married to Gerald Scales. Please don’t worry about me. We are going abroad. Your affectionate Sophia. Love to Constance” (168). Feeling utterly defeated, Mrs. Baines resigns the shop to Samuel and Constance and goes to live with her sister.
The final chapters of Book 1 deal with the dominant motif of family relations. In this section, the overriding character of these relations is that of a battle. This is especially true of Sophia’s relationship with her mother because of the tensions regarding her future career and her romance with Gerald. Mrs. Baines views her interactions with Sophia as victories or defeats, and Sophia perceives them in much the same way.
The symbol of the elephant makes its first appearance in this section. Although not a common symbol in the book, it appears at several crucial junctures, including the episode of John Baines’s death and the beginning of Sophia’s romance with Gerald (a sequence that provides the impetus for her eventual departure from Bursley). It reappears when Sophia returns to Bursley many years later. The elephant in this section is dead, marking the beginning of a tragic turn (whereas the elephant coinciding with her return in Book 4 is alive, signifying the healing of old wounds as everything comes back full circle).
The characters of Constance and Sophia continue to develop in the richly textured way that Bennett began their portrayal. Both show their own contrasting traits of temperament but also share a family culture of decency and capableness. Sophia’s impulsivity—apparent in her willingness to sneak out for a rendezvous with Gerald—is balanced by her sense of propriety and morality, as when she rejects Gerald’s first attempts at a teasing informality. Constance continues to be steadfast and capable, which is most evident in her work for the family business—but she’s capable of surprising impulses of her own, as when her friendship with Samuel escalates swiftly toward engagement after they first reveal their feelings.
Three supporting characters find significant development in these chapters, most prominently Mrs. Baines, who appears as the fountainhead for the contrasts in her daughters’ characters. Like Constance, she’s usually calm, capable, and content to invest herself in the simple duties of daily life, and like Sophia, she’s resolute and confident to the point of being headstrong. The daughters’ romantic interests evolve here as well, though their character arcs appear in greater detail in Books 2 and 3. Samuel Povey, whom the narrative introduced earlier as simply a shop’s assistant, now displays a keen sense for business and a good work ethic—but tends to hold his emotions inside until they come bubbling out, raggedly and startlingly, in moments of pathos. Gerald appears only superficially in these chapters; he’s a handsome and self-confident merchant—but the narrative hints that he’s a character in whom confidence usually outpaces common sense.
Bennett uses foreshadowing in the final chapter of Book 1. The narrative reveals that Mrs. Baines has an older sister, Harriet, who lives in a different town. When the sisters get together to discuss Sophia’s situation, their interactions recall the intimacy of former years: “The pair went about together, in the shop, the showroom, the parlor, the kitchen, and also into the town, addressing each other as ‘Sister,’ ‘Sister’” (155). Then, at the end of the chapter, Mrs. Baines leaves her home and her business to go live with her older sister again. This foreshadows the way that Constance and Sophia, who live as sisters in the same household, one day make the same move, the younger leaving her home and business to take up life again in her older sister’s house.
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