57 pages • 1 hour read
Maggie O'FarrellA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
In 1561, 16-year-old Lucrezia’s husband of one year, Alfonso, the Duke of Ferrara, takes her to Fortezza, near Bondeno; she realizes that he intends to kill her. The setting, “a high-walled edifice of dark stone, flanked on one side by dense forest and on the other by a twisting meander of the Po river,” seems ominous (1). She sees that he led her out here to a place where he hunted during childhood so she would be away from their court at Ferrara and all the people who could come to her rescue. She wonders how he will try to kill her.
In Florence in 1544, Eleanora, wife of Cosimo di Medici, “regret[s]” the circumstances in which her fifth child, Lucrezia, was conceived. According to superstition, the mother’s thoughts at the time of conception influence the character of the child. By the time of Lucrezia’s conception, Eleonora, who is of Spanish descent, has produced four healthy children, as well as one child who died before baptism. She is keen to become pregnant again. However, when Cosimo visits her, Eleanora is contemplating maps and town planning. When Cosimo is reaching orgasm, Eleanora’s mind is on ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. She will later regret this when her child Lucrezia turns out to be troublesome and solitary, unlike her sweet-natured siblings.
In the fullness of time, Lucrezia’s rebellion extends to her rejection of the dress Eleonora had commissioned for her late daughter, Maria, who was the first Medici daughter set to marry the Duke of Ferrara. On Lucrezia’s wedding day, Eleonora sees her daughter’s face full of hope that she will save her from a marriage she does not want.
In 1552, Cosimo di Medici is presented with the gift of a painting of a tiger and decides that he wants to keep one of these exotic beasts in his menagerie. His right-hand man, Vitelli, decides to introduce the tiger after midnight to lessen the commotion. However, Lucrezia, who is eight and small for her age, hears the tiger’s roar and determines to find what is causing the noise. The sight of the tiger being managed by her father’s men astonishes her, and she vows to see it up close.
Meanwhile, Lucrezia bonds with Sofia, Eleanora’s Neapolitan nurse, and is haunted that in Greek myth Agamemnon tricked his daughter Iphigenia into sacrifice by telling her she was going to be married to Achilles. She knows that the idea of Iphigenia’s being sacrificed by her father will give her nightmares. Then, Lucrezia has the idea to plant the idea of the tiger in the mind of Isabella, her father’s favorite child, to procure a visit to it.
On the visit to the Sala dei Leoni, while the other children are distracted by the lions, Lucrezia finds the tigress and feels as though she “had never seen anything so beautiful in her life” (44). She strokes the tiger and empathizes with her loss of home. However, the adults wrench Lucrezia away, causing her to feel immense longing.
Back at the dinner in Fortezza in 1561, Lucrezia’s husband chatters on, seemingly unbothered by the knowledge that he will kill her tomorrow. Lucrezia feels something between laughter and rage at his reaction. She recalls Sofia’s advice that Lucrezia should learn to plan instead of losing her temper. Alfonso is trying to get her to eat the venison that he claims will restore her strength after her latest sickness and chatters on about a hunting trip with his father. Lucrezia largely pretends to eat and swallows only a few mouthfuls of the meat. She then begins to talk about the menagerie and recalls that her beloved tiger was killed by the lions. She does not, however, confide that the news of the tiger’s death caused her to be taken ill. She was revived by Eleanora’s promise that if she recovered she could join Giorgio Vasari’s drawing lessons.
During her childhood in the 1550s, Lucrezia loved to ask her parents how they met. Cosimo saw Eleanora when she was just 13, fell instantly in love, and insisted that they marry, even though other girls were more dynastically eligible. When Eleanora came, she brought Sofia and “seven galleys” filled with her dowry.
Lucrezia recalls her first meeting with Alfonso, Duke of Ferrara, when he was betrothed to Maria. He immediately noticed Lucrezia with her pet mouse and tried to amuse her by making a mouse face.
At the end of the meal, Alfonso draws Lucrezia onto his lap and seems so concerned for her well-being that she wonders if she let her imagination run away with her when she convinced herself that he wanted to kill her.
When he takes her to her chamber, she asks when her maids will arrive. He tells her it will be tomorrow or the day after. He takes her up a mossy spiral staircase, and she feels disorientated.
The first six chapters of O’Farrell’s novel are framed by the dinner that Alfonso provides for Lucrezia at the Fortezza, an isolated rural hunting lodge that is distant from the populous Ferrara court, in both habits and miles. In this hunting lodge setting, O’Farrell exploits the metaphor of the hunt: Lucrezia is her husband’s prey. The table is rimmed with “a woven circlet of fur” (1). This aesthetic detail is resonant of animal sacrifice and introduces a sense of foreboding that intensifies in the following sentence when Lucrezia focuses on Alfonso “straightening a knife” and realizes that her husband intends to kill her (1). Although she is being fed a hearty meal of venison baked in wine, she will soon become the sacrifice. O’Farrell’s use of the present tense conveys the immediacy of Lucrezia’s experience at the Fortezza and generates a sense of urgency. When Alfonso mops up the wine sauce with a piece of bread and cajoles Lucrezia into opening her mouth for it, the suspense as to whether the sauce is poisoned intensifies.
The chapters set in Lucrezia’s childhood home at the palazzo in Florence further develop the imagery of death and animal sacrifice as the young girl comes to learn the brutal realities of being in a female or animal body in a patriarchal society where men dominate and control everything. O’Farrell’s third-person closed narrative perspective conveys the visceral nature of young Lucrezia’s introduction to the world through the potency of her physical sensations. For example, when she learns of the trick Agamemnon played on Iphigenia, pretending that he was going to marry her to Achilles when he was actually going to sacrifice her, she is almost “whimpering” and presses her eyelids shut “until bursts of color shot across her vision” (33). Her desire to close her eyes to such male cruelty reveals her deep empathy with Iphigenia. This increases the tension of the 1561 Fortezza narrative in which the man that her parents married her to a year earlier turns out to be a killer.
The chapters set in Lucrezia’s youth also depict her as a misfit and even an imposter; she is the child Eleanora conceived to assuage her “secret melancholy” at the loss of another much-loved baby. This is further emphasized in Eleanora’s feeling that Lucrezia was conceived during a moment of distraction when her mind was on faraway lands, not the conjugal act. Once she was born, Lucrezia’s distinct pale appearance and wild, autonomous temper merely reinforced Eleanora’s feelings of isolation from her daughter. The theme of Female Autonomy and Institutional Control dominates, as Lucrezia seems to embody the independent streak present in her mother and accentuate it through eccentric behavior. In both narratives, Lucrezia emerges as a supreme individual who must fight for herself, as she is isolated from both familial and institutional support.
By Maggie O'Farrell