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54 pages 1 hour read

Stephen King

The Long Walk

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1979

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Literary Devices

Allusion

Literary allusions to other texts create a diegetic reference point for the boys, giving them the sense of a shared background. In addition, these allusions create an extradiegetic reference point for readers, reinforcing the commonalities between them and the boys walking toward their deaths.

Using the designation “Major” to describe the enigmatic main enemy recalls George Orwell’s Animal Farm, reinforcing the Major’s association with authoritarianism. Additionally, Stephen King employs references to several literary texts that are associated with death. As the boys pass a graveyard, McVries reflects that it is “a fine and private place, as the poet said,” quoting Andrew Marvell’s “To His Coy Mistress” (57). Garraty recalls a short story by Ray Bradbury that depicts crowds that know when someone will die (149). After Olson’s attempted rebellion and subsequent shot to the abdomen, which spills his intestines, Stebbins claims that this was a deliberate attempt by the soldiers to prevent any more “Charge of the Light Brigade,” invoking a Tennyson poem that describes the British army’s charge into the metaphorical Valley of Death during the Crimean War (202). The boys’ exchanges make several references to Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland; Garraty tells Stebbins that he’s like the caterpillar, but Stebbins is adamant that he’s more like the White Rabbit (153).

Through these allusions, King thematically aligns the story with former literary depictions of death, war, and escapism. The juxtaposition of texts for children with texts for adults conveys the inescapable nature of death; regardless of the pursuit of glory or entertainment, everyone meets an inevitable end.

Simile

Stephen King frequently uses similes that create comparisons between two unlike things and evoke a clear image. His use of similes depicts nature as an additional challenge for the boys to navigate, a benevolent presence that stands in stark contrast to the deadly authoritarianism of the people who implemented the Walk. The pond “looked like a gently clouded mirror” (56), and “[t]he coming night was like water that would soon cover them” (48). The Walk and the Major’s disciples don’t care for nature and seek to gain power over it, but nature always offers a peaceful respite from horror.

Often, King’s similes convey animalization and dehumanization. When Curley dies, he falls “[l]ike a sack of mail” (28). As Zuck attempts to run from his inevitable death, he moves “like a scarecrow in full flight” (49). McVries’s “eyes peered out of the dark cave of his sockets like baleful animals” (111). Garraty remembers that when Freaky died, the collision “spread his head like a dollop of wet glue” (103). In addition to conveying dehumanization, these comparisons emphasize the innocence of the boys who are meeting terrible fates; they were never equipped to deal with this level of violence or depravity.

Further underscoring the boys’ youth and lack of preparedness for the horrors that await them are their attempts to emulate older role models. When Garraty gets to the drop-off site, he sees some of his competitors gathered “like worried baseball players” (5). Olson wears his belt “like a gunslinger” (12). Like most children do, the Walkers imitate role models whom they consider worthy of admiration. These forays into emulation only further highlight the disconnect between the boys’ perceived maturity and their actual lack of maturity.

Synecdoche

Metonymy and synecdoche are very closely related; in metonymy, a word related to something is used to refer to the thing, and in synecdoche, a word for part of something is used to refer to the whole thing. Stephen King uses synecdoche to personify the crowd, showing the mass transformed into one entity: “one anonymous Crowd Face, a vapid, eager visage that duplicated itself mile by mile” (150). The crowd is reduced to one body part in several different ways: “Only Crowd, a creature with no body, no head, no mind. Crowd was nothing but a Voice and an Eye, and it was not surprising that Crowd was both God and Mammon” (251). The crowd gains strength throughout the Walk, becoming an increasingly large and powerful entity: “Crowd was to be pleased. Crowd was to be worshiped and feared. Ultimately, Crowd was to be made sacrifice unto” (251). Through this combination of personification and synecdoche, King shows how an assemblage of individuals can transform into a terrifyingly mindless amalgamation.

Under this totalitarian world order, hope for individuality is nonexistent, and attempts to resist the Major’s military strength can only result in decimation. Within a dystopia, individuals must conform or die.

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