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39 pages 1 hour read

John Irving

The Cider House Rules

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1985

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Chapters 1-3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary: “The Boy Who Belonged to St. Cloud’s”

The boy of the chapter’s title is Homer Wells, and St. Cloud’s is the name of the orphanage-hospital where he lives. It is also the name of the surrounding town, an impoverished inland community in Maine that was once a logging town. The orphanage-hospital is run by Dr. Wilbur Larch, who is also the presiding physician. He delivers babies at the hospital and occasionally performs abortions. The era is the 1930s, and abortion is illegal in the United States.

Homer Wells is adopted by several local families but always returns to St. Cloud’s. The first family who adopts him, when he is just a baby, finds his silence unnerving and decides that it must be due to a birth defect. The second family abuses him in order to get him to cry. His crying is so loud that it comes to the attention of the neighbors; they tell Dr. Larch, who then retrieves Homer. The third family, a professor and his wife, seem perfect, but Homer comes to find them smug and self-regarding. The professor also turns out to be an alcoholic, and Homer returns to the orphanage when a family cousin attempts to abuse him and then blames the abuse on Homer.

The final couple who take in Homer Wells are a rich, sporty husband and wife named the Winkles. They take Homer out camping, with the possibility of adopting him later on. However, they are killed during their camping trip in an accident that Homer witnesses. They are drowned in the river near the orphanage when some giant logs sent down the waterway for a local paper company disrupt their fjording expedition. After this incident, both Homer and Dr. Larch decide that Homer’s place is in the orphanage, where he can be “of use” (7). 

Chapter 2 Summary: “The Lord’s Work”

This chapter traces the origins of Dr. Wilbur Larch. Larch was brought up in Portland, Maine by a strict, abstinent mother and a cynical, alcoholic father. His mother worked for the state governor, who was a temperance promoter and enforcer, and the family lived in their house. His father was a porter and a former shipyard worker. As a boy, Larch—who did not want to resemble either of his parents—took refuge in school and books. He went to Bowdoin College as an undergraduate and then to Harvard Medical School.

As a graduation gift between Bowdoin and Harvard, Larch’s father buys him a night with a Portland sex worker. The following morning, Larch discovers that the sex worker has a teenaged daughter, who propositions Larch. Still later, he encounters them both on the train from Portland to Boston; he gives the older woman his seat on the train. The sexual encounter gives him gonorrhea, which causes him to develop a medical interest in bacteria. This is also when he becomes addicted to ether, a habit that he will never completely lose.

Once Larch is a Boston doctor, he encounters the older sex worker again, this time as a patient. She is very ill from what he eventually realizes is a self-induced abortion. Later, he is approached by the daughter, now herself a sex worker. Wishing to avoid the fate of her mother, she demands that he give her an abortion, telling him that she is less than three months pregnant. When he demurs, she goes to a notorious local abortionist and dies from the operation.

Larch confronts the backstreet abortionist—an elderly woman known as Santa Claus—and the patients in her waiting room. He succeeds in taking one patient with him, a girl who was raped by her father. After performing a safe abortion on the girl, he acquires an underground reputation as a safe, affordable alternative to Santa Claus; at the same time, he is increasingly snubbed by his colleagues at the Boston hospital.  

Larch begins to find his position at the hospital claustrophobic and decides to move back to Portland. Once in Portland, he receives a letter from an anonymous woman, telling him that St. Cloud’s is in dire need of a doctor. He decides that his life’s work will be in St. Cloud’s and moves there to establish the orphanage and hospital. He leaves only to serve in World War I, during which time a pro-life doctor takes his place, and the number of unwanted babies born in the area greatly increases. The chapter ends with Homer Wells’ discovery of an aborted fetus in the hospital; he confronts Dr. Larch, who resolves to tell him everything.

Chapter 3 Summary: “Princes of Maine, Kings of New England”

Homer learns to be “of use” in the hospital and orphanage (7). In addition to performing small household chores for Dr. Larch, he also takes care of his fellow orphans. At night, he reads out loud to both the boys and the girls, who live in separate dormitories at night; Homer reads David Copperfield to the boys and Jane Eyre to the girls. He also becomes entangled with Melony, a tough but damaged orphan his age, who is angrier than he is about her orphaned predicament.

Melony takes him to an abandoned building beside the river; it is a former dormitory for mill workers. She shows him a pornographic photograph hanging over an abandoned bed. Melony tells Homer that if he is able to find her birth mother’s name in the hospital records, she will make herself sexually available to him. However, Dr. Larch makes a practice of destroying all records of birth parents, believing that this is what the parents would have wished. Homer discovers this when Dr. Larch catches him snooping in his office.

Dr. Larch also discovers the pornographic photograph, which Homer has hidden under his bed. He recognizes the woman in the photograph as the younger sex worker who was killed by the abortionist. He decides that Homer needs to be given more responsibilities and is ready to observe both the abortions and the baby deliveries in the hospital. Meanwhile, a sickly boy in the orphanage named Fuzzy Stone dies, and Homer and Dr. Larch resolve to keep his death a secret from the other orphans. They tell the boys that Fuzzy Stone has instead been adopted.

Chapters 1-3 Analysis

While Homer Wells is the protagonist of this novel, Dr. Wilbur Larch is the focus of these first three chapters. Dr. Larch wishes to mold Homer in his own image, and readers learn more about his temperament and history than they do about Homer’s. Homer is an orphan whose history is a blank slate; about his personality, readers know mainly that he is calm, intelligent, and dutiful. Dr. Larch therefore sees Homer as an ideal figure to carry on his mission when the doctor dies.

Dr. Larch’s mission is to help poor women who are in need and to take in their unwanted children. He sees this as being “the Lord’s work,” giving his medical work a religious tinge (70). He has come to his work through his life experience, having seen up close how poor and vulnerable women are exploited. Although sex workers are looked down upon in society, for Dr. Larch they are voices of reason and authority. It is a sex worker who first directs him to perform an abortion, while he is still a doctor in Boston; it is also most likely a sex worker who urges him to come to St. Cloud’s and take up a post there.

The abortions that Dr. Larch performs are described in detail, but there is nothing gory or gruesome about the descriptions. They are described in terms of the medical equipment that Dr. Larch uses and the female internal organs on which he is operating; the aborted babies are referred to as “the products of conception” (65). This serves to make the reader see abortions as Dr. Larch does: a medical procedure like any other. More broadly, it makes Dr. Larch’s secret work a job like any other—one of several that Homer will learn and master over the course of the novel. (For further discussion of the theme of work in this novel, see Rules and Work in the Themes section.)  

While Homer is an adept pupil, he must come to his beliefs in his own way, and he has not yet learned how to see abortions with Dr. Larch’s detachment. When he first discovers an aborted fetus at the hospital, he cannot help seeing it as a creature, rather than a medical byproduct: “Then he imagined that some animal had miscarried – in an orphanage, around a hospital, one heard that word – but what animal?” (70) Dr. Larch’s intentions with Homer are good, as are his intentions in general; however, he does not always account for Homer being a child, who needs to be given space to grow and experience the world firsthand.

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