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86 pages 2 hours read

Harry Mulisch

The Assault

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1982

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Last Episode, 1981Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Last Episode, Chapter 1 Summary

The narrator begins this chapter with a rumination about time—in common parlance, we conceptualize the past as if our backs are turned to it, while we look toward the future in front of us. The narrator continues: “If time is movement, then it must be moving through another kind of time, and the secondary time through yet another; and thus time is endlessly multiplied” (151). The narrator also notes that the concept of facing the future is flawed:

For the image implies that events somehow already exist in the future, reach the present at a determined moment, and finally come to rest in the past. But nothing exists in the future; it is empty; one might die at any minute. Therefore such a person has his face turned toward the void, whereas it is the past behind him that is visible, stored in the memory (151).

The narrator remarks that this is why, when the Greeks speak about the future, they say: “What do we still have behind us?” (151). In this sense, Anton Steenwijk is a Greek: He stands with his back to the future and his face toward the past.

Anton marries his second wife, Liesbeth, in 1968: one year after his divorce from Saskia. Liesbeth is an art-history student who works a part-time administrative job at the ultramodern hospital where Anton works. Her father, who served as a colonial administrator in the Dutch East Indies, was put into a Japanese concentration camp and forced to work on the railroads in Burma. However, like Anton, he did not like to discuss his war experiences.

Anton and Liesbeth’s son is born a year after they marry, and they name him Peter. Because Saskia and Sandra are still living in his first house, Anton buys another one with a garden in Amsterdam South. He sometimes marvels at how far removed both of his children are from the war.

Anton also buys a spacious old house in Tuscany, in which he spends his holidays. He loves to touch the rock that exposes itself through the crumbling plaster in one of its rooms, as it gives “him the feeling that he [is] in touch with the whole world [there] in his own room” (153). The landscape surrounding the house also absorbs him in an environment that is completely removed from the wartime winter he experienced in Haarlem in 1945. Anton, almost forty, thinks about retiring to the house in Tuscany once Peter is grown. He also has a weekend house: a small farm in Gelderland. This brings the total of his owned homes to four.

Saskia has remarried “to an oboist somewhat younger than she” (153). Sandra and Saskia are free to use both the house in Tuscany and the farm in Gelderland. A few times, the two couples have gone on joint vacations. Saskia and Anton maintain an intimate closeness.

As Anton has grown older, his migraines have subsided—although he does feel plagued by worries about owning too many houses and abandoning Sandra. One hot day in Tuscany, while Liesbeth and Peter have gone shopping in Sienna, Anton feels an ambiguous but powerful restlessness and anxiety. His eyes become fixated on a white table lighter with dice markings, and it serves as a touch point for an anxiety attack of sorts.

Liesbeth arrives home to find him motionless yet trembling “like a statue during an earthquake” (156). She calls a doctor, who gives Anton an injection that makes him sleep for fifteen hours, as well as a prescription for Valium. Anton knows that if he begins taking tranquilizers, he will never stop, so he tears up the prescription. After this, he has a few more spells, but they lessen in intensity each time. Subsequently, the house in Tuscany goes from being an absolute refuge to a place that is slightly tainted.

Time has passed, and Anton’s hair has gone “gray prematurely” (157). One day, he finds himself older than his father had ever been. When his aunt dies, she places her photograph next to the photograph of his uncle on his desk at work. De Graaff also dies, and there are considerably fewer people at his funeral than at the one at which he met Takes. Henk and Jaap are at the funeral, showing the signs of age, but Takes is not. Others assure Anton that Takes must still be alive, although no one has heard from him in years.

The war is periodically revived in books and TV programs but has become a thing of the past, “an incident that almost no one but Anton remembered much about, a frightening fairy tale from long ago” (158).

When Sandra turns sixteen, she decides it is time to see where her grandfather, grandmother, and uncle met their end. Anton takes her to his old street in Haarlem. They find that “a low white structure in the style of the sixties” (158) has been erected where his house used to be. The house is for sale, and he and Sandra are allowed to enter it to view it. The Beumers’ home has been remodeled, while the Aartses’ has become a notary public. None of the old signs denoting the names of each home remain. He tries, ineffectively, to tell Sandra how things had once appeared on the street. He also tries to locate the exact spot where Ploeg was shot, but can no longer do so.

He then takes Sandra to see the memorial on the quay, and this time, he notes the name “J. Takes” (160), which refers to Takes’s brother, upon the memorial.

Later, as Anton and Sandra sit in a restaurant, he tells Sandra about his conversation with Truus Coster. Sandra cannot understand why Anton speaks with “such warmth” (161) about the woman, asserting that Coster was, in effect, the cause of all that had happened, after all. Anton shakes his head and says: “Everyone did what he did, and not anything else” (161).

Anton then suddenly remembers what Coster said that night, surely in reference to Takes: “He thinks that I don’t love him” (161). He freezes as tears fill his eyes. Sandra comforts him and suggests that they go to visit her grave. They then go to the grave and lay a single rose upon it.

Anton urgently feels that he must find Takes and tell him that Coster did, after all, love him. However, when he goes to the building in which Takes used to live, he finds that the building has been torn down. Two years later, on May 5, 1980, he sees Takes by chance on television, on a commemorative program. In it, Takes appears as an old man, with the title “Cor Takes, Resistance Fighter” (162). Anton also sees a small white panel truck with red lettering that says “FAKE PLOEG SANITATION INC.” (163) driving through the city.

Last Episode, Chapter 2 Summary

The narrator begins this chapter with: “Just as the sea finally casts ashore the debris that ships throw overboard—and beachcombers furtively retrieve it before daybreak—so the memory of that night during the War in nineteen forty-five plagued [Anton] one last time in his life” (163).

On a Saturday in the latter part of November 1981, Anton awakes with an unbearable toothache. His dentist, Gerrit Jan Van Lennep, agrees to treat it—on the condition that Anton attends a demonstration against nuclear armament with him. Liesbeth also recommends that Anton put a clove in his tooth in order to relieve the pain, which does nothing. On the way to Van Lennep’s office, Anton sees an assortment of people, including “warrior types wearing turbans, wide pants, and sword belts, with only the pistols and scimitars missing” (165). He ventures a guess that these people are “displaced Kurds” (165).

After Van Lennep successfully treats Anton’s toothache, Anton begrudgingly goes to the demonstration. Anton reminds Van Lennep that at a party, Van Lennep once urged Anton to “volunteer to fight in Korea, in the battle of occidental Christianity against the Communist barbarians” (167). Van Lennep tells Anton that his memory is too good and that Van Lennep has not become a Communist—if that’s what Anton was implying. Van Lennep simply believes that “each new wave of [nuclear] armament” (168)—while it is posed as a reaction to opposition—is merely a manner of shifting blame while the weapons, which will ultimately be used, pile up. This is why he feels it is urgent and vital to demonstrate against nuclear armament.

Van Lennep, his wife, and Anton join the demonstration, which is composed of “hundreds of thousands of people” (168), holding placards and banners and marching. Peter arrives at the demonstration, and, while Anton remains indifferent to the demonstration itself, he is nonetheless moved by the utter mass of people and that his son is a part of that mass. He is also struck by a small placard that reads: “JOB: WE ARE WITH YOU” (169). He points out the placard to Peter and explains who Job was.

Anton also runs into Sandra, now nineteen, and her boyfriend, Bastiaan. Bastiaan is “a handsome young man wearing blue jeans, sneakers, a Palestinian kaffiyeh around his neck, and a gold ring in his left ear” (170). Although Anton does not particularly like him, he is about to become the father of his grandchild, as Sandra is pregnant. Bastiaan points out that the crowd is “stiff with police” (170).

A group of soldiers is greeted with applause, and some people in the crowd are unable to control their tears at the sight of the uniforms: “A daisy chain of boys and girls surrounded[the group of soldiers] protectively (170), and Anton cannot believe his eyes. Anton asks Bastiaan if those soldiers were ordered to be there, but Bastiaan clarifies—he points to a man in a windbreaker who is filming the soldiers and says that he is a policeman. Bastiaan entertains the notion of tearing the camera out of the policeman’s hands, while Anton chides that that kind of action is just what the police need in order to crack down on the demonstration. Sandra, sensing a familiar conflict, decides to go her own way with Bastiaan. Anton also notices an older woman staring at him, and he assumes that she is an old patient and ignores her.

On the roof of a parked car sits two fifteen-year-olds holding a banner that reads: “DROP THE FIRST BOMB ON WASHINGTON” (172). At this, people clear their throats politely yet embarrassedly.

“Halfway to the Stadhouderskade, [Anton is] suddenly pushed aside by a file of black, masked figures with rattles, fluorescent skeletons painted on their bodies, who [force] their way through the crowd—figures of terror, like medieval victims of the plague” (172). He mistakenly bumps into the older woman who was staring at him earlier and excuses himself. Then she asks: “Tonny? […] Do you remember me?” (172). The woman is Karin Korteweg.

Last Episode, Chapter 3 Summary

“In a flash, the tall, blond woman from Home at Last changed into the little old lady at his side” (172). Karin Korteweg offers to go away if Anton does not wish to speak with her. Anton struggles to maintain composure as that night in 1945 rushes back to him. A series of questions about Ploeg races through his body, as an “old […] inexhaustible bitterness” (173)wells up inside of him.

Karin tells Anton that she has always known that they would meet again and asks him what his profession is. She also seems almost more upset than he. When Anton confirms that Karin has just seen him talking to Sandra, his daughter, Karin tells Anton that she can tell by Sandra’s eyes that the girl is pregnant. She also tells Anton that she never married or had children. When Anton asks her if her father is alive, he realizes that the question could be perceived as sarcastic. She tells him that her father has been dead for a long time.

Anton can tell that although Karin wishes to speak in detail about the events of the night of the assault, she is not daring to bring it up. He thinks of Peter, who though he would be 55, remains forever 17. He reflects about the way that Karen’s once-shapely legs used to excite him, and muses that Karin may have been the last person Peter saw before he died.

Anton then directly asks Karin to explain what happened that night and whether Peter ran into her house. Karin answers that Peter did indeed run into her house and that he had a gun. She also reveals that called her and her father “monsters”(175) and said that he was going to kill them. Karin tried to get him to put down the gun so that they could hide it. She recalls that Peter stood, not truly in possession of himself, while he listened for noises outside. Karin’s father told her to “shut up” (175). Karin believes that her father did so because if the Germans were to arrive at their house, the Kortewegs could spin it as though Peter was threatening them, as to not be branded as “accomplices” (176), should the gun be hidden and then found. Karin states that in the intervening years, she wondered why Peter didn’t shoot them, as he had nothing to lose. She offers that perhaps Peter knew that the murder of Ploeg wasn’t their fault and that they “didn’t deserve” (176)to bear the burden of having the body in front of their home any more than any of their neighbors did. Anton interrupts, saying that he is “not so sure about that” (176) conclusion, as Peter had entertained the possibility of dumping the body in front of the Beumers’.

Karin continues her story. She guesses that the Germans must have seen Peter, waving the gun, through the curtain, so they shot out the window and broke down the door. Karin believes that Peter was shot by the time the Germans entered her home, but once they came in, they shot him several more times, “as if they were finishing off an animal” (177). Then, the Kortewegs were dragged out onto the street and taken to the Ortskommandantur. In the distance, she heard the explosions as the Steenwijk house was blown up. As she recalls the memory, Karin begins to choke up with tears.

Anton feels “in total disorder, like a room that has been ransacked by thieves” (177). And yet, a wave of pleasure washes over him when he remembers the glass of warm milk and the sandwich with Schmaltz that he was given that night. The pleasure vanishes when he remembers his last sight of Schulz: “turned over near the running board of the truck” (177). He squeezes his eyes together tightly, and then re-opens them.

Karin then reveals that she was questioned that night, separately from her father, and that she told them the truth: about Ploeg’s murder, about the act of dragging Ploeg’s body to the Steenwijk’s door, and about Peter threatening herself and her father with the gun. She remarks that her testimony of the truth left her questioners unmoved. Anton wonders whether to believe her, and also factors in the fact that, at that point, Karin did not know that Anton’s parents had already been rendered unable to tell their side of the story. He reflects that he himself could have also testified to the truth, but that no one asked him.

Anton asks Karin whether she was afraid that they would set her house on fire too. She answers that she wishes that they had done so. At that moment, she had only one desire: to be shot by them or by Peter. Anton can tell that she means what she is saying. She tells Anton that she “was questioned by a Kraut in civilian clothes” (179), and Anton asks if the man had a scar on his face, in an attempt to ascertain whether the man who questioned him was the same one that came into his house and hauled his parents away for their slaughter. Karin does not think that the man had a scar on his face. Karin also states that when she and her father were allowed to go home the next morning, her father declared that they would never speak of the matter of the assault and the ensuing events of that night ever again. Even after they arrived home and saw the smoldering remains of the Steenwijk home, and the Beumers informed them of the execution of Anton’s parents, her father never spoke of that night again.

Karin and her father moved to New Zealand because her father was afraid of Anton: he did not want to face Anton and was afraid that Anton would exact “revenge” (180). Anton exclaims that such a thing never occurred to him. Karin reveals that in 1948, her father committed suicide in New Zealand. Although Anton is initially horrified by this information, a feeling of “acceptance and peace” quickly replaces his “horror” because he realizes that “Peter’s death had already been avenged” (180). He simultaneously counts Mr. Korteweg as another victim of that night.

He asks Karin why her father committed suicide. Karin concedes that her father did, after all, move the body in self-defense, but considers that he may have committed suicide for Anton and “to help[ ] fate along a little bit” (180). Karin and Anton have been moving along with the crowd of demonstrators throughout the conversation, but at this point, the crowd comes to a standstill. Karin intimates that it never occurred to herself or her father that the Nazis would shoot all of the inhabitants of the home in front of which Ploeg’s body was found and that they had only felt their lives to be in danger when Peter pointed the gun at them. She also reveals that his only concern that night was for his pet lizards and what might happen to them if Ploeg’s body was found in front of their home.

She ruminates on the fact that she never knew what grand significance those pet lizards held for her father, why they held him in such thrall, and why he labored so hard to keep them alive during that “winter of starvation” (110): “Possibly [my father’ was more attached to those animals to me. They had become his only reason for living”(181). However, after the night of the assault and the murder of Anton’s family, the lizards changed back into ordinary animals, and Mr. Korteweg trampled them to death: “Maybe that’s what he couldn’t face, that three people had lost their lives because of his love for a bunch of reptiles, and the thought that you might kill him if you ever got the chance” (182). Anton insists that he didn’t know any of this information at the time. Karin responds that her father knew and that that was enough impetus for him to drag her across the world: “But in the end, he didn’t need you to kill him. He was possessed by you”(182).

Anton feels sick: the full story is worse than the partial one that he has been carrying all these years. But still, he must ask her why the Kortewegs chose to dump Ploeg’s body in front of his house that night, instead of the Aartses. Karin reveals that her father refused to dump the body in front of the Aartses because the Aartses were hiding Jews.

Anton thinks:

The Aartses, whom nobody could stand because they kept to themselves: they had saved the lives of three Jews, and those Jews, with their presence, had saved their own. In spite of everything, Korteweg had been a good man! So this is why Ploeg’s body had landed on the other side, at [Anton’s] own door (183).

Anton, finding the situation unbearable, excuses himself, and then turns away into the crowd, darting this way and that, as if in an attempt to make sure that Karin can never find him again.

Last Episode, Chapter 4 Summary

As he finds himself being pushed along by the crowd, Anton comes to his senses. Suddenly, he feels a hand on his and discovers Peter smiling up at him. Wordlessly, he kisses his son’s head. Peter begins to chatter, but Anton scarcely hears him. He ruminates on all of the information Karin has just given him and wonders if everyone is “both guilty and not guilty” (184).

As the crowd comes to the Westerkerk, or the Western Church, a dreadful howl of the mob, originating at a place in front of where Peter and Anton stand, ripples towards them. The people around them become frightened, as the howl is clearly one of fear. However, when the howl reaches them, nothing happens, and suddenly everyone, including Anton and Peter, begins to scream without reason. Around the bend of the Raadhuisstraat, the howl dies down. Peter tries to revive it, without success. Anton realizes that the howl is moving through the entire city: “[The howl] circles about, everyone shouting and laughing at once, and yet it [is] a howl of fear, the primal scream of mankind rising from all of them” (185).

The novel ends with an image of Anton tossing his graying hair across his forehead as he lets himself be carried by the crowd to “the place where he began” (185). Anton drags his feet a bit, “as if each stem raised clouds of ashes, although there are no ashes in sight” (185). The narrator continues:

But what does it matter? Everything is forgotten in the end. The shouting dies down, the waves subside, the streets empty, and all is silent once more. A tall, slender man walks hand-in-hand with his son in a demonstration. He has “lived through the War,” as they say, one of the last, perhaps, to remember. He has joined it against his will, this demonstration, and there’s an ironical look in his eye, as if he finds the situation amusing (185).

Last Episode Analysis

In this Episode, Anton receives the last and most significant piece of the puzzle: the Kortewegs chose to dump Ploeg’s body in front of the Steenwijk home, rather than that of the Aartses, because the Aartses were hiding Jews. This explosive revelation, along with the information about Mr. Korteweg’s suicide, simultaneously adds a sense of closure to Anton’s ordeal while opening up new layers for him to grapple with. On the one hand, Anton feels a sense of vindication in regard to Mr. Korteweg’s suicide, as he sees it as a form of vengeance for Peter’s death. On the other, however, Anton’s sense of compassion and his understanding of the opaque complexity of the entire situation, leads him to view Mr. Korteweg as a victim—as another casualty of the assault. Anton’s ability to view the situation from both his own vantage point and from a broader lens distinguishes him from certain individuals on both “sides” of the conflict. For example, Fake Ploeg Jr., blinded by his love for his father, refuses to blame anyone but the Communist Resistance for the murder of Anton’s family. Takes, with his binary cynicism, openly boasts about his ability and desire to end life. Anton’s sense of vindication regarding Mr. Korteweg’s suicide quickly gives way to a compassion that takes the entire war, and not only his own loss, into account.

Anton receives the long-awaited answer as to why the Kortewegs chose his home: his family members lost their lives in order to spare both the Aartses and the Jews that they were shielding from the Nazis. Karin Korteweg’s revelation that she and her father dragged Ploeg’s body to the Steenwijk doorstep because the Aartses were hiding Jews serves as the climax of the plot. It is the single most important piece of the information that Anton has been slowly collecting throughout his life. This information appeals to a sense of reason, and thus brings an important sense of order—instead of chaos, mystery, and darkness—to Anton’s ordeal. However, this eminently reasonable revelation of the Kortewegs’ motivation is tempered by a bit of absurdity: Mr. Korteweg only moved Ploeg’s body at all because he was concerned about his pet lizards. This duality enables Mulisch to communicate that within human existence, no matter how much one may labor to correlate action or circumstance with reason, absurdity will persist. This isn’t to say that the fact about the lizards completely overshadows any resolution Anton has gained in learning that the Aartses were hiding Jews. Rather, it is to say that nothing will ever add up in a definitively cut-and-dry manner. Especially in times of war and desperation, absurdity is an inexorable part of the human experience.

Anton’s experience at the anti-nuclearization demonstration is also significant here, as it demonstrates Anton’s personality and his motivations. Resolutely apolitical throughout his life, he remains so at the demonstration. What is most important to him are the quieter, more intimate aspects of the demonstration: his presence among a mass of humanity, the deep and tender love that he has for both of his children, the “primal” (185) sounds of the crowd. Throughout his life, it has never been of urgent importance to uncover all of the political and circumstantial elements that played into the murder of his family members. Anton has always been more attuned and focused on the immediacy of his experience of other people, including those that were involved in the complexity of the assault. This tendency can be traced all the way back to his classroom experience with the young Fake Ploeg Jr. Young Anton did not busy himself with the significance of the Nazi Youth uniform and instead focused on Fake Jr.’s pain and humiliation as an individual and acted to relieve that. Similarly, at the demonstration, Anton is not focused on attending to the political elements; he is focused on attending to the human ones.

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