51 pages • 1 hour read
Robert A. HeinleinA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The first group of colonists reaches Mars, and the Tennessee legislature introduces a bill to send religious missionaries as well (the bill is defeated). Agnes Douglas—one of Foster’s most stalwart “field operatives”—discorporates. Jubal, meanwhile, keeps track of Smith’s adventures: enrollment in a theological seminary, and enlistment in the Federation Armed Forces (he is kicked out of both). However, when Smith becomes the “Reverend Dr. Valentine M. Smith, A.B., D.D., Ph.D., Founder and Pastor of the Church of All Worlds, Inc.,” (321), he fears Smith is simply joining an age-old racket.
Just then, Ben Caxton arrives. They view Jubal’s art collection and debate its merits. Looking at a painting of Hans Christian Andersen’s The Little Mermaid, Jubal opines about choices and regrets, alluding to Smith. He then reports that Miriam is marrying Dr. Mahmoud, and two of Jubal’s secretaries are pregnant (by Smith, Caxton believes). Caxton mentions that he's just seen Smith, and his “church” is actually a school for teaching Martian. When he enters the Church’s inner sanctum, he is greeted by Patricia, fully nude.
Patricia gives Ben a tour of the facility: bedrooms, library, living room with swimming pool, and bowls of cash by the door for use when necessary. The facility is home to about 20 people of all faiths and ages. She then invites Ben to watch Smith preach; Jubal, apparently, is the church’s official patron saint. Smith’s “spiel” is an enticing version of pantheism augmented by showmanship and miracles. Worshipers can work their way through a series of nine circles before being invited to the inner sanctum. Baskets of cash are passed, and congregants are invited to either donate or take, according to need. Ben describes a ritual in which congregants reach a state of ecstasy through meditation. As he wanders the halls of the temple, Ben realizes that nudity is the norm, not the exception.
Back in the foyer, Ben is reunited with Gillian. She tells him that Smith’s church isn’t a church at all, not in the conventional sense. He doesn’t proselytize, he’s not trying to “convert” anyone or save their soul (“Souls can’t be lost” (347), Gillian argues). The only way to fully grok Smith’s message, however, is to learn Martian. They have dinner—along with Dawn, another priestess of the temple—and Gillian leaves to teach a “transition class.”
After a night of “growing closer” with Dawn, Ben wakes, showers, and finds Duke cooking breakfast in the kitchen. Duke tells him he’s “First-Called” (someone who’s a water brother without having learned Martian first). He is scheduled for a Water-Sharing that evening, the ceremony admitting him into the Ninth Circle. He meets Ruth, another member of the inner circle, who testifies to the communal bliss of Smith’s church. He finds Gillian, and he brings her food. Soon after, Smith joins them, and Ben is uncomfortable with their open displays of intimacy. Despite Ben’s misgivings about joining the Ninth Circle, Gillian insists he not leave until he has been initiated. She lulls Ben into a sense of “euphoria,” but he is shaken out of it when Smith suddenly sheds his clothes.
Ben flees, confessing later to Jubal that he’s worried Smith has his flock hypnotized. He is offended by the whole concept—group orgies, communal marriage—but Jubal argues it’s not better or worse than any other arrangement, just different. He suggests Ben fled the scene because he was jealous of Smith’s intimacy with Gillian. He also believes that Smith’s church is in danger from outside forces because he dares to subvert sexual norms, and because he dares to offer happiness as the greatest social good. Further, he concedes that, while he doesn’t subscribe to religious dogma, he can’t rule out its possible truth. He accuses Ben of judging Smith’s church by his own standards. Eventually, he convinces Ben to give the Ninth Circle another chance. A week later, Ben sends a message to Jubal, informing him he’s “Studying Martian.’”
By examining the formation of a new religion—the Church of All Worlds—from the ground up, Heinlein critiques the morality (or hypocrisy) of organized religions in general. With Jubal Harshaw as his proxy critic, Heinlein suggests that most traditional religions—certainly the Christian denominations—trade on fear and guilt and the doctrine of original sin to keep their flock in line, while Smith preaches happiness as the ultimate virtue, an idea as foreign to Christianity as the morality of sexual pleasure. While Heinlein’s purported libertarianism is subject to debate, certainly a libertarian—or libertine—streak runs through Stranger in a Strange Land, particularly in the organization of Smith’s church. Having lived among humans for some time and studied them closely, Smith groks Individual Freedom as the Highest Social Good, and he cannot “fully grok” religions that preach otherwise. Harshaw’s agnosticism (and cynicism) allows him to take a relativistic approach to Smith’s “church,” arguing that one religion is just as good or bad as any other, but at least the Church of All Worlds, despite its shocking hedonism, is honest about its ethics. It does not claim to save souls, nor does it promise a free ticket to Heaven. Rather it identifies the divine within each human being (Thou art God) and permits human beings to shed the burden of guilt with which they’ve been saddled for millennia.
The Church of All Worlds is part language school, part sanctuary. Smith understands the concepts he is teaching can only be grokked fully in the language that birthed them in the first place. The narrative suggests an important link between language and culture, as the only way to fully understand and appreciate cultural ideas and values is by understanding the language of that culture. “Learning a language, therefore, is not only learning the alphabet, the meaning, the grammar rules and the arrangement of words, but it is also learning the behavior of the society and its cultural customs” (Guessabi, Fatiha. “Blurring the Line Between Language and Culture.” Language Magazine). By requiring adherents to learn Martian before they can progress into successive inner circles, Smith is effectively training his congregation in the cultural mores of his home planet. In Martian culture, there is no shame in happiness or sexual pleasure. In Smith’s theology, happiness is God because the divine exists within every human soul, and happiness is the highest form of enlightenment. While the parallels to cultism are obvious—a charismatic leader, devoted followers, and concerted efforts to recruit others into the fold—the Church of All Worlds does not use coercive tactics to maintain its followers’ allegiance. Smith relies instead on the inherently attractive nature of his gospel of personal freedom and fulfillment.
By Robert A. Heinlein