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17 pages 34 minutes read

Naomi Shihab Nye

Shoulders

Fiction | Poem | Adult | Published in 1994

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Symbols & Motifs

The Man

The man, introduced in the first line of the poem, represents the everyman. In literature and drama, the everyman represents the layperson, an ordinary individual with whom the reader or audience member can easily identify with, learning valuable lessons from their story that apply to their own lives. The term “everyman” originated in Christopher Marlowe’s morality play of the same name circa 1530 and remains a common way for authors and playwrights to represent humanity at large.

Nye characterizes the man as a caring father figure: cautious and gentle and selfless, protecting his young son from the downpour of rain and rush of passing cars. He is a symbol of protection, taking on hardship for his innocent, sleeping son, unaware of the world around them as he sleeps soundly on his father’s shoulder. Nye uses the man as an example, showing readers how easy it is to choose empathy in their day-to-day lives, imploring them to show kindness, not just to those they love most, but also to strangers, keeping the world safe for everyone.

The Son

In contrast to the man, the son symbolizes innocence. For the entirety of the poem, the son is asleep and therefore unaware of the hardships that surround him (the rainfall, the cars speeding by, his father carrying him across the street). His father’s love and protection ensure that his innocence remains intact, revealing the speaker’s argument that kindness is an essential tool in raising the next generation of humans. Children learn from the example set by their parents, mimicking their behaviors from an early age, so, by characterizing the father as caring and overtly empathetic, the speaker believes the son will grow up to be kind in similar ways, creating a positive chain reaction across generations of people.

The Rain

The rain and overall dreary atmosphere of the poem represents the hardships that befall everyone throughout the journey of life. Readers learn that it is raining within the very first line of the poem, watching as the man cradles his son, shields him from the downpour, and crosses the street on the way to their destination. The image depicted is an ordinary one—people cross the street with their children every day—and yet, that is what makes it so powerful. The father is willingly taking on hardship so that his son endures none. The symbols in Nye’s “Shoulders” are simple and effective, the message almost like that of a parable, encouraging readers to choose kindness above all else.

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