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Gregory David RobertsA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Summary
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Themes
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Important Quotes
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Lin Ford describes himself as a poet, a smuggler, an escaped felon, a revolutionary, and a philosopher who lost his way. His ideas about freedom were refined during torture in prison. He chose between forgiving or hating the men who were hurting him. Lin—who will also go by Shantaram—has mafia ties and was imprisoned on three continents.
The novel begins on Lin’s first day in Mumbai. The heat is oppressive, and Lin thinks Mumbai smells like hope. He is using a false New Zealand passport. He arrives two years after escaping from an Australian prison.
A small man with webbed hands points out that Lin forgot his guitar. He welcomes Lin and refuses his money. As Lin takes a bus, he sees many slums: There are 5,000 new survivors arriving each week, fleeing poverty and violence. He feels guilty about his relative health and affluence. Later, he remembers that nothing has ever hurt him like the sight of the slums. He always wonders why the government allows such suffering. Nevertheless, people are always smiling and laughing.
A Canadian man on the bus says Lin will be safer with his party because there are many ways to get robbed and exploited. Lin watches the city: “The impression was of a plodding, indefatigable, and distant past that had crashed intact, through barriers of time, into its own future. I liked it” (11).
Lin decides to stay with the Canadians and hires the small man—Prabaker, who goes by “Prabu”—as his guide. He says it will always be one of his best decisions. The narrator uses the alias Lindsay, which is the name on his passport. He tells his companions that he will pay Prabu, who insists on carrying Lindsay’s backpack. This makes Lin feel like a privileged, exploitative white man, although Prabu’s strength surprises him.
At the hotel, he meets the manager, Mr. Anand. Lin pays for a week in advance as Anand notices his New Zealand passport. Lin is uneasy for a moment: As Australia’s most wanted man, he is prominent on Interpol’s fugitive lists. Lin buys hashish from Prabu, who says everything except fighting and dying is allowed in the hotel. They share the joint as Lin produces an unopened bottle of whiskey, which he gives to Prabu.
On the way to a restaurant, Lin is almost hit by a bus just as a beautiful woman pulls him out of the way. Lin calls her his guardian angel. She says she has too much devil in her to be anyone’s angel and that he can find out more at Leopold’s. Her name is Karla.
Prabu says Karla is a famous businessperson. He believes she is German. He calls Lin “Linbaba.” Lin doesn’t know it then, but that will be his nickname to thousands of people. Prabu says that “Lin” means “penis.” “Baba” is the suffix to the name that gives it respect. He hires Prabu for a week, with the addendum that he will teach Lin some basic Hindi. Hours later, Lin almost feels safe.
Lin meets Karla at Leopold’s, which serves as an unofficial free zone for unsavory enterprises. Even though police frequent the place, crime is overlooked, and money can only exchange hands outside.
Lin notices that Karla shares his courage, determination, loneliness, and reluctance to forgive. She says that he should visit a cave her boss showed her once, after she had met him on a plane five years prior. The cave was full of bats and Buddha statues. That is when Karla decided that India would be her home, although sometimes she is homesick for Switzerland. Karla likes Lin because he is a good listener. She considers being listened to the second-best thing to power. She also says sex is about power and love is the opposite of power.
Didier Levy is a constant fixture at Leopold’s. He is a 35-year-old Frenchman. He is witty and speaks largely in aphorisms. Didier says he stays in Mumbai because he is gay, Jewish, a criminal, and French and only India accepts them all at once.
A Spaniard named Modena and a German woman named Ulla join them. They talk about mental and emotional instability being the basis of every relationship. Ulla slips Lin some money as two men approach.
Lin often uses being a writer as camouflage. He was a writer in Australia and had published his first work when his marriage collapsed. He writes compulsively and relentlessly. After Ulla and Modena leave, Karla says that Ulla told her she gave Lin the money, which he should give to Karla. Ulla will retrieve it the next day. Karla says he should leave Mumbai.
Didier tells him about Abdel Khader Kahn, who runs many criminal enterprises in Mumbai. Didier gets commissions from many sources, including connecting people who need passports, called “books” in the criminal trade. He explains that whoever controls the gun trade can influence the drug business. He says Kahn is the city’s real power. Khan is known to most as “Khaderbhai” (54), which means “elder brother.”
Didier explains that of the eight people at Leopold’s, only four have power. When Karla returns, there will be five. Later, as Lin walks with Karla, he gives her the money from Ulla and Karla tells him about Ulla’s relationship with Modena. She thinks Didier was trying to seduce Lin. As they pass a mangy cat, Karla stops. Lin is surprised that something feral will allow Karla to touch it.
He asks about other people at Leopold’s. Karla says that Letitia came from Goa to party and to look for spirituality. She works with a gem broker on a commission with foreign buyers. Maurizio’s parents died and left him money. Ulla, who has a heroin habit, came to India with a German man whom she adored. Karla compares addiction to love. After telling her she is the most beautiful woman he's seen, Lin walks Karla home and then goes to his hotel.
Mumbai’s courier system bewilders Lin as he rides in a taxi with Prabu. Somehow, thousands of deliveries reach the correct people. They are practicing Lin’s Hindi while the driver scowls at Lin in the mirror, drives aggressively, and shouts at other drivers. Prabu yells for him to stop. The man turns around to glare, and they crash into a stopped car. Prabu is terrified, and Lin wonders if he is scared that the cab will burn. Outside the car, he stops Lin when he tries to help the driver and screams not to touch him.
A crowd of 30 angry people grows to 100. They pull the driver out, beating and tearing at him. Lin is horrified but also grimly satisfied, given how the driver treated them. Prabu says accidents are always terrible in Mumbai, as the mob carries the driver away. Lin is more shocked by his complacency than by the violence. There is rage beneath Mumbai’s surface. Prabu says no one knows why the crowds punish those who cause accidents.
Another taxi takes them into what Prabu calls the “dark side” of the city (72). He ignores the beating as if it had been a mere barroom scuffle. Lin realizes that he’ll have to be involved in Mumbai’s culture if he stays. He cannot simply observe as an outsider and remain safe. They get out and enter a disorienting maze of alleyways.
They enter a courtyard where men sit on benches near groups of children. This is what Prabu calls the “people-market” (80). The children are enslaved and have come to India after various disasters in their countries. Lin wonders what he should do or if he can do anything. He is a stranger and should know more before intervening. Later, he worries that he wasn’t more troubled—prison hardened his heart.
A little girl sings and dances to a song from a Hindi movie as Prabu explains that recruiters scour disaster sites to gather children. Their starving parents happily let them go to have a better chance, even though some are used for sex, for camel races, or as cleaners. Lin thinks there are deeper truths than can be explained and that sharing the truth is how people resist hating the world.
At Leopold’s, Didier explains the “Borsalino hat test” (83). It determines whether a hat is a real or imitation Borsalino. They are fine hats, synonymous with gangsters. A real Borsalino can be rolled up, be passed through a wedding ring, and regain its shape without a crease. Prabu’s dark tour was a Borsalino test. Now he knows Lin is a real Borsalino. Prabu also invites Lin to visit his village for a couple of months. Didier says Prabu is starting to love Lin and that Indians know how to love each other better than anyone else. India is six times the size of France but has 20 times the population. Only love makes India possible.
Letitia, Ulla, and Modena join them. Karla and Maurizio arrive with an Indian man named Vikram Patel. Lin dislikes Maurizio as he contemplates the loathing that ugly men feel for the handsome. Karla asks Lin a hypothetical question: If he could be happy for a while but knew it would end in sadness, would he choose happiness or avoid it? This bothers Lin because he answered this question when he escaped from prison.
Didier encourages Lin to visit Prabu’s village to learn about India. Karla hints that Prabu has invited others, but no one has said yes. When Lin asks what Karla wants, she says she wants everything. Then they talk about Lettie, who was upset with Maurizio. Maurizio seduced her to get her help to influence a contact who could extend Maurizio’s visa and then dumped her. Karla also encourages Lin to visit Prabu’s village and surrender to whatever happens. She kisses him on the cheek and leaves. Lin feels as though this hour was their Borsalino test.
These first four chapters introduce the main characters (including the city of Mumbai) but only hint at the situations that brought them together in Mumbai. The reader immediately learns that Lin is a refugee, a felon, an escapee, and a cultured person. The fact that he is unmoored and has no home where he can legally be himself is a central facet of Lin’s identity. However, despite his constant feeling of not belonging, he reminds himself that he is freer than some people:
It took a long time and most of the world to learn what I know about love and fate and the choices we make, but the heart of it came to me in an instant, while I was chained to a wall and being tortured. I realized, somehow, through the screaming in my mind, that even in that shackled, bloody helplessness, I was still free (3).
Because he has freedom of thought, freedom of body is meaningless. Lin’s concept of the theme of The Nature of Freedom will evolve greatly over the course of the novel.
These chapters introduce several major characters along with subtle but major pieces of foreshadowing. Karla asks Lin if he would choose temporary happiness even if he knew it would lead to sorrow. This is exactly what he does by allowing himself to dream about a future with her, even though she will eventually reject him at the novel’s conclusion. The emphasis on Prabu’s smile—as well as the hectic traffic in the streets—foreshadows Prabu’s death in his taxi, which includes the loss of his smile.
The theme of The Meaning of Love is prevalent throughout these four chapters. Lin and Prabu share an instant affection. Lin is infatuated with Karla as soon as he sees her and will come to love her nearly as quickly. He also likes Didier right away. Didier provides much of the novel’s comic relief, outside of Prabu’s antics. Didier allows the author to indulge in a love of wordplay and epigraphs. Didier’s witticisms are like those of Lord Henry from Oscar Wilde’s novel The Portrait of Dorian Gray. Didier makes every remark as if engaged in a perpetual clash of wits. He also provides a framework for India’s unique capacity for love. He says that the Indian people know how to love each other better than anyone else, which is the only reason why harmony can exist in such a teeming mass of humanity that is sharing such cramped confines.
Didier’s remarks about the Indian peoples’ love for each other exemplifies an orientalist view of the culture that lacks nuance. This view is challenged by the peculiar scene in which the mob attacks the taxi driver. This outburst of rage foreshadows the riot scenes that will occur in the final act. It also reminds Lin that he is in an unfamiliar place. He may have street smarts, but he has not lived on these streets.