54 pages • 1 hour read
Salman RushdieA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Iskander achieves his dream of becoming the Prime Minister of Pakistan. A series of images are published to commemorate his ascent to power, and the narrator notes that the election was rigged in Iskander’s favor. In the aftermath, a bloody and brutal war breaks out between the eastern and western parts of Pakistan. The Western forces hope to cling to their diminishing power in the region due to the number of business ventures that are still in the area; however, after a short conflict, the Western forces are defeated. The independent country of Bangladesh is created when the Eastern part of Pakistan secedes from the Western part. Iskander benefits from the civil war, while the Army loses its glamor and status. Arjumand reflects on this turn of events in the future, though she never abandons her positive view of her father as a great man. Iskander decides to appoint Raza as his most trusted advisor and the leader of his military.
During this time, Arjumand becomes more involved in politics. Her radical approach involves ordering the houses of famous actors to be searched; anyone who opposes her father is thrown in jail. Her refusal to marry leads to her nickname: “the virgin Ironpants” (183). When British television interviews Iskander, he claims that he is universally loved by the people of Pakistan. Iskander’s entire political venture is based upon the idea that the wealthy and the powerful are greedy and corrupt. He positions himself as a champion of the poor and disenfranchised, even though he also comes from a wealthy, privileged background. In the future, the narrator notes, Iskander will be thrown in jail himself. He will lose his power and status and will eventually be executed.
When Iskander falls from power, Rani and Arjumand are sentenced to six years of house arrest. Raza attempts to seize power in Iskander’s absence and uses his military connections to plunder the town of Mohenjo. He uses this plunder to pay his soldiers. Meanwhile, Rani and Arjumand spend time together under house arrest. Rani knits prophetic shawls and eventually presents her work to Arjumand, showing how the shawls contain images depicting the brutal reality of Iskander’s government. Seeing this, Arjumand is finally able to acknowledge the brutal truth about her father. Her idolization of him falls apart; she no longer believes that he was the greatest person in the world. Meanwhile, Haroun is accused of conspiring to murder Little Mir Harappa, who was killed during the early days of Iskander’s time as prime minister.
The narrator returns to Sufiya as the “Beast” inside her continues to grow. Omar feels obligated to heal her somehow. A clause in Raza’s agreement for Omar to marry his daughter is that Sufiya must live in her parents’ house. A protective servant named Shahbanou refuses to allow Omar into Sufiya’s bed chamber, so the marriage is never consummated. Instead, Shahbanou offers herself to satisfy Omar’s sexual needs. Each night, she has sex with Omar. Sufiya overhears them, and although she does not understand sex, she vaguely understands that she is Omar’s wife. Meanwhile, Raza struggles to rebuild the morale of the army in the wake of the civil war. Noticing the men’s investment in sports, he decides to wrestle hundreds of soldiers and lose the matches intentionally. He gradually revitalizes their morale but suffers many injuries in the process. All the while, his advisors suggest that a coup against Iskander is the only way to restore the public’s faith in the military. During this time, Raza’s spiritual advisor, Maulana Dawood experiences dementia. He dies, cursing the blasphemous development in the new capital city of Islamabad. Raza sees this as a harbinger of things to come.
Good News gives birth to a daughter. A year later, she gives birth to twins. A year after that, she gives birth to triplets, all the while her physical health is impacted due to so many pregnancies in quick succession. Upset by her daughter’s physical health, Bilquis withdraws from society and loses faith in the world. Following his marriage to Sufiya, Omar is finally able to put a stop to his “old debaucheries” (211), as Shahbanou is enough to satisfy him. Despite her mental state, Sufiya learns about the affair, and the realization that she cannot satisfy her husband’s sexual needs causes her to lose sleep. She develops a case of insomnia. A short time later, the “Beast” within her awakes, and she attacks a group of young men, using her “Beast eyes” to hypnotize the men and have sex with them, before ripping their heads from their bodies. On the night of the murder, Talvar may have glimpsed Sufiya in the area where the murders took place. He tells Raza that he saw Sufiya sleepwalking. Raza is shocked. When he finds a bloodstained burqa in Sufiya’s room, he knows that his daughter murdered the young men. He burns the burqa in secret.
The narrator describes the coup that results in Iskander’s political downfall. Iskander is arrested at the capital when Raza seizes power, backed by the Army. Raza announces the news on national television while “kneeling on a prayer mat” (223). Though Raza does not initially plan to execute Iskander, the anger of Iskander convinces him that the man is “a menace to the country” (225). Iskander is accused of arranging for Little Mir to be killed. Afterward, Raza has Arjumand arrested and sends her to live in secret in Mohenjo with Rani. Though Haroun initially manages to escape, both Haroun and Iskander are accused of murdering Mir. Good News takes her own life a short time later, when she becomes pregnant yet again and simply cannot live with the prospect of another pregnancy and birth. Iskander is placed in solitary confinement in a cramped, filthy cell. In the meantime, Raza becomes the President of Pakistan.
Sufiya seems unable to contain the “Beast” any longer. Omar is afraid that she is becoming increasingly agitated. After her murder of the four men, he gives up on the idea of treating her and instead keeps her sedated and locked in her room. However, Sufiya manages to escape from her locked bedroom. She roams through the streets as Iskander is convicted of murder and sentenced to death. Iskander goads a soldier into shooting him before his official execution, so only his dead body is hanged, and the incident is covered up.
The narrator compares the events of the coup to the French Revolution. He suggests that history always has two sides: virtue and vice, which represent “the true dialectic of history” (240). Returning to the story, he describes Omar’s fear of Sufiya, who has now escaped and is fully consumed by the irrational “Beast” within her. Meanwhile, Raza remains the most politically powerful man in Pakistan. He continues to hold power as Omar grows old, eventually retiring. Omar sends money to his mothers and puts on weight while waiting to hear news of Sufiya. Feeling the “impotence of power” (244), Raza meanwhile turns the country into a harsh theocracy, instituting violent religious laws and crushing any criticism against his new policies. He hears voices in his head, particularly the voice of Iskander, who reads him advice from the writings of Niccolò Machiavelli; he also hears the religious sermons of Maulana Dawood, as though the two voices are competing points of view. “Maulana” suggests that Raza implement a series of strict religious laws, so Raza follows his advice, banning alcohol and introducing modesty codes that require women to dress in a certain fashion. Raza announces that “God [is] in charge” (248), and appears on television regularly. Bilquis appears alongside him, though she says very little. Raza installs generals and high-ranking members of the Army in every public institution and guards carefully against any potential coups. The narrator notes, however, that such theocracies are not sustainable. From the countryside, rumors reach Raza and Omar about a “white panther” (252) that is murdering people. They suspect that this is Sufiya but allow people to believe in the rumor about the mysterious beast.
Raza serves as prime minister for four years. During this time, Sufiya is said to kill a number of people and animals in a brutal fashion. These attacks become more frequent, and with each passing attack, she moves closer to the capital. Raza is told that the Soviet Union has invaded the neighboring country of A. (meaning Afghanistan). Raza hopes that this will shore up his power thanks to American support. Haroun, having escaped Pakistan, is now located in A. He has been tasked by the Soviets with organizing a terrorist group to undermine Raza’s regime. As Sufiya’s killings intensify, Raza blames them on Haroun’s terrorists. Maulana’s voice stops “speaking” to Raza, leaving him alone with the Machiavellian voice of Iskander. Haroun’s men hijack a civilian aircraft, but he is outwitted and caught by Raza, who is annoyed that he will no longer have anyone to blame for the white panther murders. Raza feels his power slipping away as the newspapers become bolder, no longer afraid of hinting at the many scandals of his past. A furious mob forms outside Raza’s home, and Omar suggests that they return to Nishapur to hide. They slip past the mob disguised by shrouds made by Bilquis, which they wear as burqas. Sufiya seems satisfied to have driven them into hiding, and she stops killing.
After his marriage to Sufiya, Omar grows increasingly afraid of his bride, who has the mind of a child. Ironically, this fear is related to the emotion of shame, but because he is such a shameless man, he cannot draw this distinction. In fact, his entire marriage is built on a premise of shame, one which he struggles to comprehend. He loves Sufiya and compares this love to the relationship between Eduardo and Farah, which he regards as immoral and disastrous. Despite this knowledge, he continues with the marriage nonetheless. As Sufiya grows increasingly violent and increasingly powerful, Omar is soon faced with the prospect of a vengeful wife whom he cannot control. Gradually, he begins to fear her, for not only is she capable of doing him physical harm, but she is also capable of delivering the moral judgment of his character that he has avoided for so long. Omar has led a debauched life and—despite his many sins—has only succeeded in the world, thus emphasizing the theme of The Systemic Misogyny of Patriarchal Societies. Now, the product of his sins has turned violent. His shameful marriage has produced shameful violence, and for the first time, this shame and violence may be directed at him. Rather than dealing with the issue directly, his response is to evade the problem yet again, this time by sedating his wife. Thus, rather than acknowledging the shame that she and her actions represent, he strives to numb it into oblivion by drugging Sufiya and locking her away in a last desperate attempt to hide his shame. Ultimately, for all his bold actions in the world, Omar is a coward, mortally terrified of actually doing anything to help Sufiya and determined to flee from the moral judgment she represents. While Omar may not yet fear shame itself, he is nonetheless beginning to comprehend its presence in his life.
Throughout the novel, Iskander has functioned as the forerunner for Raza’s life. Every time Raza covets something, from women to political positions, Iskander is one step ahead of him. This dynamic has created a lingering resentment and competition between the two men as they rise up through the political structure of Pakistan. When Iskander’s power begins to crumble, however, their dynamic takes on a more somber tone, for just as Iskander’s rise to power has foreshadowed Raza’s, Iskander’s fall from grace also foreshadows every personal and political indignity that will eventually happen to Raza. Iskander and Raza both come to power through a coup. They both grow too comfortable in their positions, leading to resentment brewing among the military. Then, both men are overthrown in a coup and shamed in front of the nation. They are charged with crimes that were committed many years ago and which have been hidden away until they are politically useful. These hidden shames from the past are wielded as political tools against men who hid their shame for so long that they believed themselves to be impervious. Even Iskander’s botched execution, in which he is hanged even though he is already dead, foreshadows Raza’s fate. Throughout the novel, the two men are divided in many ways but do not realize how profoundly reliant they are on one another, for they are constantly navigating the boundaries of their social partitions in eerie echoes of one another’s existence.
When he is finally deposed, Raza is forced to flee the capital. With an angry mob crowding outside his home, he is given a shroud by Bilquis and told to wear it as a burqa. Once again reflecting The Systemic Misogyny of Patriarchal Societies, this image is meant to be interpreted as a final act of ignominy for the fleeing ruler. As part of his dictatorship, he instituted a broad suite of religious laws that demanded that women in his country wear the burqa. Though he framed the laws as a religious act, they were really a method of shoring up his control of his country. Ironically, the brutal, misogynistic restrictions placed on women now become an ideal disguise with which he is able to escape from his own people and attempt to elude the consequences of his damaging political actions. Because Raza is forced to wear the same clothes that he once used to control others, his escape is not a victory or a salvation. Instead, it is an ironic admission of defeat as he flees the same people he tried so hard to control for so long, dressed in a symbol of his oppressive agenda.
By Salman Rushdie
Allegories of Modern Life
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Asian American & Pacific Islander...
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Colonialism Unit
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Historical Fiction
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Indian Literature
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Magical Realism
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Nation & Nationalism
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Pride & Shame
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The Booker Prizes Awardees & Honorees
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