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80 pages 2 hours read

Alan Gratz

Refugee

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2017

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Chapters 44-53Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 44 Summary: “Isabel: Off the Coast of Florida—1994”

Off the coast of Florida in 1994, Isabel sees the Coast Guard searchlight and fears the worst. Instead of capturing her boat, the Coast Guard goes after a raft carrying other refugees, while Isabel and her companions paddle for shore as fast as they can. To make the situation even worse, Isabel’s pregnant mother has gone into labor: “Tears streamed down [Isabel’s] face, from sorrow or fear or exhaustion, she didn’t know. All she knew was that they were still too far from shore” (262).

Chapter 45 Summary: “Mahmoud: Hungary—2015”

In Hungary, Mahmoud and the rest of the refugees are loaded onto trucks and taken to a detention center. When Mahmoud’s father is clubbed by the guards for refusing to cooperate, Mahmoud tries to become invisible: “Head down, hoodie up, eyes on the ground. Be unimportant. Blend in. Disappear. That was how you avoided the bullies” (269).

Chapter 46 Summary: “Josef: Antwerp, Belgium—1939”

In Antwerp, Josef and his family are celebrating because “Belgium, Holland, France, and England had agreed to divide the refugees among them. None of the passengers were going back to Germany” (270). Josef’s passenger group is being transported to Boulogne, France. From there, the family moves to Le Mans and slowly gets back on their feet, but their happiness is short-lived. Ten months later, Germany invades France, and Josef’s family is on the run again.

Chapter 47 Summary: “Isabel: Off the Coast of Florida—1994”

Off the coast of Florida, Isabel and her companions are still trying to outrun the Coast Guard vessel. Her grandfather confides that he was once a police officer who denied asylum to the passengers on the MS St. Louis: “They needed a place to hide from Hitler. From the Nazis. Mañana, we told them. We’ll let you in mañana. But we never did” (276). Filled with remorse, Isabel’s grandfather dives into the ocean to create a diversion so that the others can reach land. The Coast Guard vessel will have to stop its pursuit and rescue him first.

Chapter 48 Summary: “Mahmoud: Hungary—2015”

In Hungary, Mahmoud and his family are moved to a crowded refugee camp before being deported back to Syria. They’ve all finally given up, except for Mahmoud. He’s determined to find a way out of the situation by drawing attention to himself: “If you were invisible, the bad people couldn’t hurt you, that was true. But the good people couldn’t help you, either” (281). When he notices a UN Inspector entering the camp, he leaves the detention area. An armed guard doesn’t dare shoot him with the inspector nearby. Mahmoud leads everyone out of the camp through an unguarded door, saying, “I’m not staying in that place and waiting for them to send me back to Serbia. Come on, […] [w]e’re walking to Austria” (284).

Chapter 49 Summary: “Josef: Vornay, France—1940”

In 1940 Vornay, France, Josef, his mother, and his little sister are hiding in a schoolhouse to escape a Nazi patrol. When they exit through a back window, the stormtroopers catch them. Josef’s mother offers to bribe the Nazis with her remaining money and jewelry to keep her children out of a concentration camp. One of the soldiers says that she only has enough to free one of her children. He demands that she choose either Josef or Ruthie.

Chapter 50 Summary: “Isabel: Miami Beach, Florida—1994”

Near Miami, Isabel’s shipmates paddle desperately while her mother gives birth to Isabel’s baby brother. With the Coast Guard boat almost on top of them, they jump out of the boat in waist-deep water. Once their feet touch ground, they are legally allowed to enter the country, and the Coast Guard can no longer pursue them. Isabel holds her baby brother up high so that her grandfather can see him from the other ship. She hears cheering onboard from the captured refugees: “They had made it to the States. To freedom” (298).

Chapter 51 Summary: “Mahmoud: Hungary to Germany—2015”

In Hungary, Mahmoud and the rest of the refugees trudge down a highway headed for the Austrian border. It’s a 12-hour walk. Along the way, the little band attracts the attention of news agencies. Local people come out to cheer them on. The Hungarian police follow in squad cars but don’t interfere. When the exhausted travelers finally cross into Austria, nobody stops them: “Suddenly, they were surrounded by Austrians—men, women, and children all smiling and trying to shake their hands and give them things” (303). Mahmoud realizes that people were finally seeing them, and good people were helping them. After the family travels by train across the German border, their nightmarish journey is finally over.

Chapter 52 Summary: “Isabel: Miami, Florida—1994”

In 1994 Miami, Isabel and her family settle into their new life. Isabel is now in school, and her uncle has bought her a new trumpet. In band class, she auditions for the orchestra by playing the “Star-Spangled Banner” in a salsa style in honor of her friends, family, and her own identity.

Chapter 53 Summary: “Mahmoud: Berlin, Germany—2015”

In 2015 Berlin, Mahmoud, his parents, and his brother are taken in by a host family until they can establish a new life for themselves. The hosts are an elderly German couple named Rosenberg. Through a translator, Mrs. Rosenberg explains that she was once a refugee as a child. She traveled with her mother and brother on the MS St. Louis. When they returned to Germany, they were captured by the Germans. Her brother Josef sacrificed himself so that she might go free. Mrs. Rosenberg shows Mahmoud a picture of Josef, the boy who “had died so Ruthie could live, and one day welcome Mahmoud and his family into her house (316). Ruth Rosenberg promises to help Mahmoud find his missing sister. For the first time in a long time, Mahmoud feels like he’s come home.

Chapters 44-53 Analysis

The final group of chapters contains the climax and resolution of the novel. It describes the end of each child’s physical journey and provides a resolution to the problem each one has struggled with over the course of the individual stories. When Josef took over the role of adult from his father, he came to understand that grown men were supposed to protect their families. Josef accepts this responsibility even though it will eventually mean his death. When the Nazi soldier orders his mother to choose which of her children will go free, Josef intervenes and makes the decision to spare Ruthie. His sacrifice eventually makes it possible for Ruthie to save Mahmoud and his family. The cyclical nature of the final chapter as the plotlines converge suggests that people have a Moral Duty to Help Others because one heroic act leads to more lives being saved. At the same time, the fact that Josef dies puts the novel in the tragedy genre and highlights the stark reality of totalitarianism.

Both Mahmoud and Isabel’s identity crises are resolved in this section. For Isabel, this comes when she plays her trumpet. For the first time, she feels the clave beat beneath the notes of her song. Significantly, she finds the beat in Miami, not Havana, which causes her to realize that her identity as a person and a musician rests within her no matter where she lives. The mixture of the American national anthem with salsa represents her new sense of identity forming in a new place. Furthermore, Mahmoud is finally able to conquer his terror of drawing attention to himself when he comes to understand that invisibility isn’t the answer to everything. His decision to draw the notice of the UN inspector saves him, his family, and all the refugees in the Hungarian detention center. By portraying their experience of Coming of Age in a Humanitarian Crisis, Gratz suggests the importance of refugees having outlets to express their identities and exercise agency.

The motif of the false promise of tomorrow also underscores The Journey to a Better Life in this segment. Isabel’s grandfather is overwhelmed with guilt for telling the Jewish refugees that they would be allowed to enter Cuba “tomorrow,” realizing the pain of false hope and empathizing with the desire to seek a new life. He puts an end to all the futurizing in the story when he dives into the ocean and gets caught for the sake of his family. Abuelito Padron is determined that his family is going to find a new home “today.”

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