55 pages • 1 hour read
C. S. LewisA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The next morning, the village is alert and excited, preparing to hunt the hnakra. Ransom is to share a boat with Hyoi and another hross named Whin. He understands that this is a great honor and is determined to prove “that the human species also [are] hnau” (79). At daybreak, the hunting party sets out. As hnéraki are strong swimmers and virtually unkillable except if hit in the open mouth, it’s a dangerous quest, but Hyoi and Whin are determined to be hnakrapunt (hnakra slayers), one of the greatest honors of a hross’ life. After a while out on the water, an eldil appears before their boat. Although Ransom cannot see the eldil, he hears its warning: Ransom must go to see Oyarsa at Meldilorn; Weston and Devine are following him, and evil will occur if they catch up to him anywhere but Meldilorn.
Whin and Hyoi want to turn around and set Ransom on his way to Meldilorn, but Ransom insists on continuing the hunt. Hyoi begins to caution him about the importance of heeding an eldil’s words but is interrupted by the appearance of the hnakra in the water near them. Ransom and Whin throw their spears before the boat is rocked by a massive shock that throws everything into confusion. When the confusion clears, the boat is wrecked on shore, but Hyoi has killed the hnakra.
Ransom, Whin, and Hyoi are ecstatic. All barriers between them vanish as they embrace, and Ransom feels that they “[are] all hnau” (81). Suddenly a shot rings out and Hyoi falls at Ransom’s feet, fatally shot by Weston or Devine. Devastated, Ransom kneels by his friend’s dying body. He does not know the words to apologize, but Hyoi seems to understand him nonetheless. With his dying breath, Hyoi calls Ransom “Hmān, hnakrapunt” (82) (human hnakra-slayer). Whin advises Ransom to obey the eldil’s orders and go to Oyarsa at once—the surviving hrossa will intercept Weston and Devine and bring them to Meldilorn as well. He outlines the path to Meldilorn, which will take Ransom through the handramit and up a steep road where he will find someone called Augray. Augray will help him with the next step of the journey. Wracked with guilt, Ransom reluctantly departs.
Although briefly seized by the impulse to surrender to Weston and Devine to prevent further violence, Ransom decides to finish the journey to Meldilorn. He is nervous because the trip will involve crossing the harandra, the supposed home of the sorns. After a few hours of walking along the path outlined by Whin, he comes across the way to Augray’s tower, less a road than a steep trench cut upward into the mountains. The climb is strenuous even under the Malacandra’s reduced gravity, and the temperature drops steadily as Ransom makes his way upwards into the harandra. As he surveys the handramit from above, he begins to feel that Malacandra is “a waste place in the universe” (88) and loses his sense of connection to “hobgoblins” like the hrossa and the eldila. He even longs for the presence of Weston and Devine. Still, his vow to reach Meldilorn pushes him onwards. The sky above him grows extremely dark, and the air thins. Ransom realizes that the harandra is clad in only a thin layer of atmosphere—he is once again very close to outer space. Just as breathing begins to become an ordeal, the road straightens out again, and a flickering light appears in the distance. It’s firelight, illuminating the mouth of a cave. Stumbling into the cave’s interior, Ransom sees a sorn, Augray, crouched on the ground.
Upon seeing Ransom, Augray immediately knows that he is from Earth. He offers Ransom an oxygen mask, explaining that the low-dwelling hrossa also need oxygen when ascending into the harandra. In the firelight, Ransom finds the sorn’s humanoid appearance “more grotesque than horrible” (93). He asks if the séroni rule over the hrossa. Augray replies that all are ruled by Oyarsa, who has looked after the hnau of Malacandra since the planet’s creation.
Ransom asks why he cannot see the eldila, and Augray explains that their bodies are made of movement, not matter. Light is the fastest thing that a hnau can see, so, to a hnau, an eldil’s body is made of light. Ransom is reminded of earthly sightings of “bright, elusive” creatures like albs and devas. He tells Augray that earth has no Oyarsa, which Augray takes as further proof that earth truly is “the silent planet” (95). The oyarses of other planets all communicate with one another, and only Earth is left out of this exchange. Ransom is exhausted by Augray’s confusing explanations. He wants to go to bed, but Augray has something to show him first. He leads Ransom up a staircase at the back of the cave into a small chamber with a telescope-like window. Through it, Ransom sees Earth as a half-crown-sized sphere floating in the darkness. Realizing that he has left his entire life on that small circle, he experiences “the bleakest moment in all his travels” (96).
Ransom has settled well into Hyoi’s village, fully overcoming his initial fears about the hrossa. He is eager to prove that humanity is also worthy of the title of hnau. The shared experience of victory over the hnakra melts away any remaining barriers between Ransom and the hrossa as they embrace as friends, but this joyful moment is shattered when Weston and Devine shoot Hyoi. Their fear of the unfamiliar causes them to kill a gentle creature who would have done them no harm. Ironically, their fear of death begets death.
So far, the only unnecessary violence on Malacandra has been perpetuated by humans, an inversion of the expected dynamic. It’s telling that despite having visited Malacandra before, Weston and Devine are not aware that the hrossa are peaceful. This ignorance demonstrates how little effort they expended in getting to know the planet they intend to use for their own gain. In just a few weeks, Ransom has learned more about Malacandra’s native species than the two men who know the planet’s terrestrial name and have spent significant time on its surface.
Hyoi’s passing exemplifies the hrossian attitude toward death in action. Even as he dies, Hyoi is happy, delighting in the fact that he has finally achieved his dream of killing a hnakra. This recalls what he told Ransom about the hrossian belief that pleasure is only full-grown when it is relived. As he dies, Hyoi experiences all the pleasures of a life well-lived, and he communicates his forgiveness to Ransom by bestowing upon him the honorable title of hnakrapunt. Ransom’s emotional reaction to Hyoi’s death indicates that he has grown to consider the hross a friend and equal, a far cry from his initial perception of the hross as a threatening and inferior being. Hyoi’s death impresses upon Ransom the importance of obeying the eldil’s summons. On the journey to Meldilorn, he will no doubt again be faced with unknown and possibly dangerous situations, but he is now armed with the knowledge that the Malacandrian hnau are generally peaceful and harmonious.
When Ransom meets Augray, one of his final and greatest fears is assuaged. He has long thought of the séroni as bloodthirsty and dangerous, a view he inherited from Weston and Devine, but when face to face with Augray, he finds the sorn less terrifying than expected. By subverting the expectation that an evil species lurks on an unfamiliar planet, Lewis provides a counterexample to the “Wellsian fantasies” portrayed by most contemporary popular works of science fiction. Ransom’s experiences on Malacandra continue to flip the idea of human superiority on its head.
By C. S. Lewis