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Neil GaimanA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more. For select classroom titles, we also provide Teaching Guides with discussion and quiz questions to prompt student engagement.
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Balder, Odin’s second son, is “the wisest, the mildest, the most eloquent of all the Aesir” and is beloved by all (231). He is a wise judge. He has incredibly happy life—except for his frequent, disturbing dreams about the end of the world. These dreams disturb the other gods; Oden sets out to discover what they mean.
In his search, Odin hears of a dead old woman who could decipher dreams. At her grave, Oden conjures the woman from Hel. She tells him that the dead are preparing for Balder, as well as who will kill him, who will avenge him, and who would mourn him. She recognizes him as Odin, and Odin realizes she is Angrboda, the giantess that birthed Hel, Fenrir, and Jormungundr.
Angrboda tells Odin to go home; nobody will visit her again until Loki escapes his bonds and Ragnarok ends everything. Odin leaves, puzzled. Loki is not yet bound.
Odin returns and tells his wife, Frigg, that Baldur’s dreams are real: There is someone who wants harm him. Frigg does not believe it; she travels out into the world, asking each thing if it means to do Baldur harm. Everything, from fire to water, from trees to diseases, agrees they will not hurt Balder. Frigg asks everything—except “mistletoe, a creeping plant that lives on other trees. It seemed to small, too young, too insignificant, and she passed it by” (235).
To prove her son is safe, Frigg throws a stone at him; the stone curves and misses him. Baldur and the other gods are delighted: none of their weapons can even touch him. Only Loki and Baldur’s blind brother, Hod, are unhappy. Hod listens to the merrymaking, but nobody will tell him what is happening.
Frigg tells a kindly woman that the only thing she did not take an oath from was mistletoe. The woman reminds Frigg of someone but gets distracted by Tyr failing to smash a rock over Balder’s head. The woman was Loki. He seeks out mistletoe, considering his options, because “[i]f he was going to do harm to Balder, he was going to hurt as many people as possible” (237).
Despite his blindness, Hod is one of the strongest gods. Baldur usually includes him, but not this time. Loki gives Hod a mistletoe dart to throw at his brother. He throws the dart, and the crowd goes silent. Loki tells him, “How terrible. How sad. You have killed your brother” (239).
The gods mourn Balder. Hermod, Odin’s attendant, agrees to go to Hel to barter for Balder. Meanwhile, they try to send Balder off in his burning boat, but he is the only one who could launch it. Thor vows to kill someone soon to relieve his tension.
Gods, dwarves, elves, and even giants mourn Balder. His wife, Nanna, sees his body and falls dead; she is laid beside him as a pyre is built. Odin whispers a secret into his dead son’s ear. Balder’s horse is sacrificed, the pyre is lit, and “Balder’s body flamed like the sun” (242).
Hermod reaches Hel. Balder has already entered Hel’s great hall where Hermod finds him dining with his wife. Balder invites Hermod to sit with him. Hermod approaches Hel, asking for Balder’s life back. When he tells her how Balder is missed by all things, she tells him that he can have Balder back if every single creature weeps for him. Hermod returns to Asgard. Odin had a son, Vali, with the goddess, Rind. When he was a day old, this child slew Hod, avenging Balder’s death.
All things weep for Balder—except an old giantess called Thokk, whose name means gratitude. She is glad Baldur is dead; thus, Balder must remain with Hel.
The gods suspect that Thokk was Loki in disguise. Thor gathers a group to hind him down, but Loki is hiding far away, “hugging himself in glee at his own cleverness” (248)
Loki is unrepentant about Baldur’s death. The Autumnal feast at Aegir’s house arrives and Loki drinks too much; he kills Aegir’s servant, Fimafeng. Loki is driven from the dining hall. He later returns, asserting his right to dine with Odin based on an oath they long ago swore. Loki insults each god and goddess, “making everyone there miserable until Thor arrived at the feast” (253). Thor threatens to kill Loki with Mjolnir, and Loki leaves, promising the destruction of Aegir’s house.
The next morning, sober, Loki feels no shame, but realizes that he went too far. He hides as a salmon in a pool beneath a waterfall, but begins to doubt is safety. He constructs a net—the first net ever—and realizes that he could be caught. He burns it when he sees the gods coming.
The gods surround Loki’s house. Kvasir, alive again, deduces that Loki had been there moments before. Kvasir sees the pattern of ashes that the net made and works out how to create a net. Thor is impatient; Kvasir infers that Loki is hiding in the guise of a fish. The gods weave a giant, heavy net and descend to the pool beneath the waterfall.
Loki, realizing he might be trapped, plans to swim up the waterfall, rather than downstream as the gods might expect. Thor grabs him out of the air. Loki is wrapped in the net and dragged off.
The gods take Loki to a cave, where Loki’s sons and wife are waiting. Vali and Narfi beg the gods not to kill their father. Kvasir tells them that they are bound to oaths not to kill Loki, but there is no such protection for his sons. Kvasi speaks “words of change, words of power” to Vali, who promptly turns into an enraged wolf and attacks Narfi (262). He kills Narfi and flees, and he “would not be seen in Asgard again, not until the end of everything” (262).
The gods bind Loki to stones with Narfi’s entrails and transform the “intestines of Loki’s murdered sons into fetters so tight and so hard that they might have been iron” (263). Loki’s wife, Sigyn, weeps. She was told to bring a bowl but does not know why. Skadi winds a serpent in the stalactites above Loki’s head. Its fangs drip burning venom into Loki’s eyes. Loki screams in agony. The gods leave, except Kvasir. Sigyn asks what will happen to her; Kvasir says she is not being punished and she may do what she wants. He leaves.
Until Ragnarok, Sigyn will collect the snake’s venom in her bow, only leaving Loki’s side to dump it. When she leaves, Loki’s painful thrashing is an earthquake in Midgard.
Ragnarok will begin on a winter night, when all but Heimdall are asleep. Heimdall will see it start but be powerless to stop it. This winter will not end and will be marked by great battles across the world. This will be “the age of people who become as wolves” (270). The sun and moon will vanish, “as if eaten by a wolf” (270). Great earthquakes will break all bonds and shackles, freeing Fenrir, whose “mouth will gape: his upper jaw will reach the heavens, the lower jaw will touch the earth” (271). He will walk the land, destruction following in his wake. Jormungundr will thrash, his body causing the sea to flood the earth, his venom poisoning the oceans.
Muspell’s sons, led by the fire Giant, Surtr, will descend from the heavens, crumbling the rainbow bridge. Loki, now escaped, will steer the ship Nagalfar, the biggest ship ever to exist, “built of the fingernails of the dead” (272). The boat will be captained by the Hyrm, king of the frost giants, and populated by his army. Loki’s army is comprised of “the uneasy dead, the ones who died shameful deaths […] determined to destroy anything that still loves and lives above the earth” (272). Loki, Fenrir, and Jormungundr will converge upon the site of the final battle—the plain called Vigrid.
When Heimdall sees these evil forces assemble, he blows the Gjalerhorn to awaken the sleeping gods. Odin will seek counsel from Mimir’s head. This will give him hope. The Aesir and the Einherjar, “all the warriors who died good deaths in battle” (273), will prepare for war. Odin will head the war party with Thor by his side.
Odin charges Fenrir, clutching Gungnir. Odin, with Mjolnir, head for the Midgard serpent. Frey takes on Surtr; he “fights hard and well, by he will be the first of the Aesir to fall” (274). He will regret giving his magical sword to Skirnir: It would have saved him. Tyr will fight the ferocious hellhound Garm; the two will fall in battle together.
Thor will finally be able to slay Jormungundr. However, in its death throes, the serpent “will empty its venom sacs over the thunder god, in a thick black spray” (274). Thor will succumb to the poison and die.
Odin fights bravely, but Fenrir is “more vast and more dangerous than anything could possibly be” (275). Odin’s spear disappears into Fenrir’s gaping mouth. Fenrir consumes Odin in another bite. Odin’s son, Vidar, will see his father fall. He thrusts his foot, clad in a shoe made from all the scraps of leather thrown out from all of time, into Fenrir’s mouth, jamming his lower jaw to the ground. Vidar reaches up and rips the Fenris wolf’s mouth apart, killing him and avenging Odin.
Of the evil forces, only Loki will remain. Heimdall will face him on the battlefield. Loki will goad Heimdall, who will stay impassive. Thought of his revenge was the only thing sustaining Loki in his years of bondage. They will fight, remembering a time they fought in the distant past, when Loki stole the Brisings necklace from Freya and Heimdall took it back. They will fall together.
Loki will gloat that he has won, but Heimdall will remind him that Vidar, Odin’s children, and many of the lesser Aesir all remain. With his last breath, Heimdall will tell Loki of the mortals who took refuge in Yggdrasil, which cannot be destroyed: It is merely the end of the old era and the beginning of the new. Loki will die before he can respond.
Surtur, the flame giant, will cremate the world and all will be reduced to ash. The oceans will cover everything. This “is how the worlds will end, in ash and flood, in darkness and in ice. That is the final destiny of the gods” (279).
Though this will be the end, existence will be renewed. The sun’s daughter will replace the sun. A man and woman, “Life and Life’s yearning” will come out from Yggdrasil and repopulate the world (280). Idovall will replace Asgard. Odin’s and Thor’s children will come to Idovall. Balder and Hod return from the dead. These gods will hold counsel.
These gods will find golden chess pieces in the grass, each an effigy of one of the Aesir. They find enough to set up a game of chess. Balder will smile and move his piece, “[a]nd the game begins anew” (283).
Balder’s death is reminiscent of the death of the Greek hero Achilles, whose heel his mother held as she dipped him in the river Styx as an infant proved to be his mortal weakness. Balder’s mother Frigg takes an oath from literally everything in the nine worlds—except for mistletoe—to protect Balder from his prophesized death. Because Balder is all but indestructible, the gods delight in trying to injure him, to no avail. Balder is the most beloved of the Aesir, but due to his mother’s hubris, becomes the unlikely impetus for Ragnarok. Frigg makes the decision not to ask the mistletoe not to hurt Balder because “it’s too young and too small ever to do any harm” (236). Unfortunately, this is an act of conceit; Loki is creative enough to devise a way to kill even with the “harmless” plant.
The final story, “Ragnarok: The Final Destiny of the Gods,” comes with a shift in verb tense in Gaiman’s prose. His narrator explains this by stating, “Until now I have told you of things that have happened in the past […] Now I shall tell you of things to come” (269). This shift to future tense emphasizes the motif of inevitability that has heretofore run through the entirety of the text concerning Ragnarok, the Norse apocalypse.
Even as the text depicts the legendary exploits of the gods, it is conscious that their time will end. It is important to note that Ragnarok is the final destiny of the gods—not the mortals. Two mortals will survive, according to Heimdall: “The woman is called Life, the man is called Life’s Yearning. Their descendants will populate the earth” (278). In this religious worldview, the individual lives of mortals may be affected by gods, but humanity as a whole has a destiny independent of their fate. By depicting the rebirth of the world as the resetting of a game of chess, Gaiman’s Norse Mythology constructs the cosmic order as a game that can be won, lost, and reset in perpetuity.
By Neil Gaiman