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49 pages 1 hour read

Diane Chamberlain

Necessary Lies

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2013

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Chapters 12-21Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 12 Summary: “Ivy”

Ivy meets Henry Allen in one of the barns at night. He is supposed to check the burners on another barn but is too eager to be with Ivy. They are having sex when Ivy smells smoke: The burners have caught the nearby barn on fire. A volunteer fire truck arrives, and Ivy remains in hiding, not sure how to escape unseen. When the firefighters douse the other barns with water to prevent the fire from spreading, Ivy too becomes soaked. Mrs. Gardiner discovers her, and Ivy flees, fearful that her time with Henry Allen may have ended.

Chapter 13 Summary: “Jane”

Charlotte undergoes surgery because of her injury, and her hospitalization cuts Jane’s orientation short. Some of Charlotte’s cases are transferred to Jane, including the Jordans and the Harts. As Jane familiarizes herself with the documents inside each folder, another social worker, Paula, offers to help her with the documents for Ivy’s sterilization petition.

Chapter 14 Summary: “Ivy”

Ivy tries to sleep late on the morning after the fire, but Nonnie wakes her by beating her and then orders her to go to work at the barn. William is fussy, and Ivy discovers his rash has spread and his skin is hot. She asks Mary Ella whether she applied the cream Nurse Ann prescribed and discovers Mary Ella mistakenly applied Nonnie’s arthritis cream to William’s rash.

Ivy goes to the Gardiner farmhouse to use the phone to call Nurse Ann. Then, she heads to the barn, passing Henry Allen and feeling shame.

Chapter 15 Summary: “Jane”

Jane meets with Davison Gardiner at his home to discuss the Harts. Mr. Gardiner is frank in his opinions on the Harts and the trouble they face. He feels Ivy should receive sterilization surgery immediately. Jane is cautious, unsure such a permanent action is best for Ivy’s long-term future. Mr. Gardiner asks Jane to meet with Ivy one-on-one, and Jane agrees.

Jane meets with Lita Jordan next. When Jane arrives with shoes for Lita’s boys, she is shocked by how old they look. She chats with Lita alone, who reveals how happy she is not to have to worry anymore about becoming pregnant. She speaks of her 19-year-old daughter, Sheena, who is now living in the north with some of Lita’s relatives. Lita notes that Sheena is thriving and even has hopes of earning a college scholarship. Jane offers Lita some small frames for the photographs of her sons, and Lita happily accepts them.

Chapter 16 Summary: “Ivy”

Jane approaches Ivy while she works in the barn. Ivy is reluctant to leave but finally agrees. They sit in the shade, and Jane asks Ivy to share memories of her parents. She has many positive memories of her father but can only remember the incident when her mother harmed Mrs. Gardiner with a knife. Ivy admits she is afraid of her mother and does not want to see her. They discuss Mary Ella, and Jane attempts to learn whether Ivy is sexually active. Ivy denies having a boyfriend, insisting Jane need not worry about her becoming pregnant.

Chapter 17 Summary: “Jane”

Jane leaves the Hart’s home but gets lost. She makes it to a dinner date with Robert just barely on time. He is dismayed to find her still in her work clothes and suggests a casual restaurant instead of the country club.

Over dinner, Robert brings up the country club ball, now two weeks away. He asks about Jane’s work, and the conversation turns to Jane’s concern about Ivy’s forced sterilization. Robert becomes angry that Jane is sympathetic toward the Hart family, insisting she has nothing in common with them and urging her not to attempt to relate to them.

Chapter 18 Summary: “Ivy”

Ivy and Henry Allen meet in secret while his family is away at a church event. Ivy wants to know everything that transpired after the barn fire, but first, Henry Allen gifts her a radio. He is saddened that she was beaten by Nonnie and agrees that his parents will likely no longer take Ivy to church with them. Ivy explains she has applied spermicide, a contraceptive, but Henry Allen is reluctant, insisting sex is not the sole reason for his interest in Ivy.

Chapter 19 Summary: “Jane”

While Jane drives a client, Avery Jordan, to his Braille lesson, she enjoys listening to him talk about his family. Later, she returns to her office and tackles the paperwork for Ivy’s sterilization, though she remains dubious about it. She finds some old pamphlets on the eugenics program in an office cupboard and is surprised by the rhetoric’s similarity to Adolf Hitler’s rhetoric. Paula warns her to remain objective and not to become attached to her clients.

Chapter 20 Summary: “Ivy”

Jane arrives with a fan while Ivy and Nonnie can tomatoes. Though Nonnie is initially unfriendly, everyone’s mood brightens once Jane installs the fan in the window. Ivy shows Jane the radio Henry Allen gave her, and Jane surprises them by dancing, inviting the family to join in. Ivy realizes she is having fun, which she finds unexpected.

Chapter 21 Summary: “Jane”

The evening of the country club ball arrives. As Jane and Robert chat with other couples at their table, Robert tries to dismiss her job as charity work. The other women are appalled by the idea of social work, especially bothered to learn that Jane enters the homes of people of color.

Jane is able, however, to speak privately with one of the men, who works as a psychologist. He concedes that Ivy’s environment may have produced an inaccurate IQ score, noting that the test also has inherent biases against some groups. Unlike Jane, he sees the utility in going ahead with the surgery.

Later, Jane follows some of the women to the ladies’ room. Sensing the tension, she apologizes for monopolizing the conversation by speaking about her work. Two of the women respond hostilely, accusing Jane of believing herself to be above them. They leave in a huff, but another woman, Lois, consoles Jane, insisting that the other women are simply not brave enough to do what she is doing. Lois explains she was a teacher before having a child of her own and found the work fulfilling.

On the drive home, Robert expresses his anger that Jane did not try harder to get along with the other women. They fight about Jane’s interest in her clients; after the fight, Jane feels guilty.

Chapters 12-21 Analysis

The consequences of Ivy and Henry Allen’s relationship expose the contradictory standards imposed on men and women, deepening the narrative’s exploration of Gender Norms in Mid-20th-Century America. The fire reveals Ivy’s relationship with Henry Allen and jeopardizes her ability to continue meeting with him. Both Henry Allen’s parents and Nonnie are unforgiving and outraged at Ivy. This anger is not meted out equally to Henry Allen. The consequences of a sexual relationship for him as a boy are far less significant in the eyes of parental figures, as Henry Allen does not have to worry about pregnancy as Ivy does. This double standard suggests that Ivy, were she to have a child, would assume the responsibility of its care entirely herself, without the father’s aid. The possibility of this added burden angers Nonnie. The Gardiners, in turn, blame Ivy for morally corrupting Henry Allen; this blame stems from a patriarchally driven notion of sexuality that deems women responsible for keeping men’s sexual urges in check. This double standard, which is only heightened by Ivy and Henry Allen’s class differences, further prevents Ivy from having Personal Agency and Autonomy. Indeed, even Mr. Gardiner conveys to Jane his strong belief that Ivy should receive sterilization surgery. Jane seems to trust his insight, knowing he is close to the Hart family and privy to the kinds of challenges they face. Regardless, Jane remains bothered by the idea of removing the decision of whether to bear children from Ivy herself. At this juncture in the novel, Jane regards Gardiner as a peer from whom she can obtain knowledge. Later, however, when Gardiner’s true motives are revealed, Jane will lose respect for him. By connecting the themes of personal agency and gender norms, the novel underscores the difficulty women face in making autonomous decisions in a patriarchal society.

As Jane grows more familiar with her new job, she continues to navigate the class disparities between herself and her clients; however, the closer she becomes with her clients, the more tensions with her coworkers grow, suggesting that the structure of Jane’s workplace—and the success of the eugenics program—relies on strict socio-economic boundaries being upheld. Throughout this section, Jane continues to earn the trust of Ivy and Lita. Ivy has been dubious about Jane’s motives in asking her questions. However, a turning point occurs when Jane asks Ivy to share memories of her parents. Jane’s motives are several. First, she seeks to learn about the Hart family’s history to better understand the dynamics that shape Ivy and Mary Ella. Second, she wishes to obtain Ivy’s trust and does so by speaking with Ivy as though she is an intelligent peer, rather than talking down to her as though she is a child. Ivy notes this difference between Jane and Charlotte, thus becoming increasingly willing to open up to Jane. Lita, too, appreciates Jane’s small gestures, such as the interest Jane takes in Lita’s daughter’s success and the picture frames Jane gifts for Lita’s children’s portraits. Though Charlotte has cautioned Jane that taking a personal interest in her clients prevents her from remaining objective in her work, Jane cannot help but take extra measures to improve the Jordans’ and the Harts’ lives. Despite the small improvements Jane makes by providing clothing and the luxury of a fan, the Harts’ lives remain dire. Jane is unable to improve their situation radically enough to make it completely safe for William. He continues to lack the full care he needs, as evidenced when Mary Ella applies the wrong medication to his rash. Jane sees that Mary Ella means well but knows that she is ill-equipped to raise a child. As a result, Jane is continually torn between the requirements of her job and her desire to keep the family unit intact. This ongoing struggle suggests Jane’s growing understanding that the framework of her profession primarily supports clients through The Cycle of Poverty and can do little to truly break them out of it.

Jane’s experience at the country club ball demonstrates the social unacceptability of her profession in the face of gender norms and class expectations. Robert’s attempts to pass off her job as charity work show he feels ashamed of the work Jane does, fearful of the way her actions will negatively reflect on him. When Jane speaks about her work, however, she demonstrates a high level of confidence and compassion, revealing that she has moved beyond the naivete and inexperience she struggled with earlier in the novel. Having witnessed poverty and hardships, Jane is sympathetic to the plights of the people in Grace County in a way that her peers cannot be. The consolation that Lois offers Jane is meaningful; Jane appreciates that another woman can not only understand her desire to pursue a profession but also recognize that the work she does is admirable. This connection to Lois will develop into a sincere friendship, underscoring the importance of solidarity among women challenging traditional gender roles. As Jane continues to oppose social and professional norms, her narrative arc reveals how the intersections of gender, class, and professional identity can present both obstacles to success and opportunities for connection.

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