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James McBrideA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The 1944 Italian campaign by the American army is different from other European campaigns in World War II in that it is fought predominantly at night and largely by Black soldiers, accompanied by other marginalized groups. The brutal terrain terrifies the soldiers whose skeletons will be found by locals over the decades to come, adding to the mountains’ mythology. The mountains have nicknames; the most feared is “the Mountain of the Sleeping Man” (45).
The Sleeping Man’s legend concerns a shepherd, in love with a maiden, who vows to block her view of the sea and the sailor she loves until the maiden changes her mind and loves the shepherd, instead. Two ovals of rock represent his eyes; therein wait German forces who plan to attack the 92nd Buffalo Division. Colonel Jack Driscoll, a white American intelligence officer, spots the German forces via an aerial photograph. Driscoll thinks bitterly of the impending destruction of the 92nd Division, which he views as inevitable, and resents that Black soldiers rely on him.
As he heads to report to his commander, Driscoll notices a Black lieutenant named Birdsong. Birdsong urges Driscoll to hear what a prisoner, currently under interrogation by Nokes, is saying. Driscoll, fearing the unrest that can arise from rumors, finds Nokes speaking to an Italian priest (revealed in Chapter 10 to be Rodolfo, an Italian partisan). Nokes downplays the priest’s words as irrelevant, but Birdsong, who knows Italian, says the priest is reporting the arrival of thousands of German soldiers in approximately 10 days via the path Driscoll saw in the aerial photograph.
Driscoll orders Nokes to promote Birdsong and send him and the priest to a POW camp so the priest can identify the German who first offered him this intelligence. He returns to his tent, troubled over the needs of the division and the racist Army policies and politics that ensured they would never receive that needed support. He summons Rudden, a white captain he trusts, and Wells, a Black first lieutenant. Driscoll conveys the priest’s intelligence to Rudden and Wells; Rudden, alarmed, reports that G Company is in that area. He tells of the four missing soldiers (Stamps, Negron, Bishop, and Train), Train’s flight with the boy, and Nokes’ failure to provide support.
General Allman enters, lamenting the Army’s failure to send adequate artillery to Black troops. Driscoll shares the priest’s information but not Nokes’s failure, fearing someone worse might take Nokes’s place. Allman departs; Driscoll reflects on meeting Train, whom he remembers due to Train’s size and ignorance that Italy was a place.
The narrative tracks the statue head’s history beginning in 1590, when the marble that would become the statue is carved from a cliff wall, during which the marble worker who had initially carved away the slab, Filippo, loses an arm. The marble is transported from Florence to France, where it is carved into a statue representing spring. Tranqueville, the sculptor, works on the statue for four years, despite his conviction that it brings bad luck. When he is not paid swiftly, he descends into a rage, commits violence against several members of his family, and dies by suicide. The statue, the Primavera, becomes the toast of Florence, leading the duchess who commissioned it to delay deciding how to reward the talented sculptor; the payment and further generous commission arrives nine days after Tranqueville’s death. The duchess is distraught to hear of the death of her “one great artistic discovery” (64).
The sculptors of the other three seasonal statues, all Florentine, grow jealous of the French sculptor’s acclaim. Factions of Florentines became dedicated to defending their preferred statue. As the duchess ails, the French government attempts to buy the statue. The Florentine government objects, leading to offense and legal battles. In effort to prove the statue’s provenance as Italian, the Florentines summon Filippo, who confirms its origins. In the 20th century, debates renew regarding who is responsible for maintaining the statues, but this conflict ends when the Nazi invasion leads to the destruction of all seasonal statues except the Primavera, which loses an arm, prompting comparison to Filippo. The statue loses its head in 1944 when a German soldier, who has never before seen a Black person, shoots wildly at the advancing Black battalion of American soldiers. Train finds the head and carries it with him to the Mountain of the Sleeping Man, where he waits with the injured boy.
Stamps, Bishop, and Hector meet Train in an abandoned barn on the ridge. Hector, trained as a medic, recommends taking the boy to a hospital. Puerto Rican Hector is “stuck between colored and white in the division” (71); his cousin, also Puerto Rican but with lighter skin, was assigned to a white division. Stamps and Hector urge Train to leave; when Train nonsensically insists that he “don’t know nuthin’ about no kid” (72), Stamps and Hector blame Bishop for Train’s state of mind. Train claims he can now turn invisible and has the statue head, which he asserts will guarantee he can repay Bishop his debt. Train refuses to return to their squad, blaming this on the unconscious boy’s reluctance to move.
Stamps thinks of the difference, as he perceives it, between Black people from the North (like him) and those from the South, like Train. He finds Southern Black people to be too obsequious to white people and thinks of his lifelong resentment of being treated differently because of his race. He offers to arrange a position for Train to work away from the fighting, but Train refuses, saying that in the mountains “white folks got no say” (77), a thought that alarms him as it disrupts his sense of order. Train insists he will stay where he is until he decides what to do next.
Stamps permits them to rest until early the next morning, whereupon Train will accompany them back to camp or be arrested. Stamps blames Nokes’s failure to provide support for making Train “snap” and fantasizes about killing the white officer. From the canal below, the Germans play a loudspeaker that asks the Black soldiers to defect, citing American racist mistreatment.
The boy dreams of the Primavera as a live woman, waking to find the statue head. He refuses Train’s offer of food, feeling ill from his injuries. The boy talks about chocolate with Arturo; to Train’s eye, the boy talks to a piece of chocolate in animated Italian before eating it. At Arturo’s urging, the boy touches Train’s face, and Train is surprised to feel affection in the touch from a white child. He feels a kinship with the boy and claims the boy has “power” in his hands. The boy asks Arturo about his own identity, but Arturo doesn’t know.
When Stamps tells Train it’s time to return to camp, Train excitedly reports that the boy has “the power of God in his hands” (83). Stamps, furious, thinks Train insane. The boy sleeps in Train’s arms as Train follows Stamps.
The four soldiers descend the other side of the mountain after encountering a German patrol, and, in doing so, they nearly miss encountering allies who could have helped them. They march for hours in freezing rain. Stamps blames Bishop for the excursion; Bishop is annoyed at himself for following Stamps and Train into the mountains. His belief in magic or religion is feigned; he pretends to believe only for his own benefit. He thinks of how all his friends in the army have been killed.
The boy’s condition worsens, and, though Hector pities him, he thinks more of how the Italian children displaced by the war remind him of his own impoverished childhood in San Juan. Train urges Hector to do something, thinking the medicine Hector possesses is magic. Hector and Bishop are surprised by Train’s sudden interest in the boy, which Train derives from his belief that the child is an angel. Stamps leads the group to a church to camp for the night.
Bishop thinks of his plan to build a church in Kansas City, which was disrupted when he got drafted. He turned to preaching after a stint in prison, finding it an easier and less risky way to make money than cheating at cards. He mimicked the Biblical rhetoric of his abusive father, who was a deacon, and gathered a large (and lucrative) congregation. He attended the draft summons on the mistaken assumption that he would be made a chaplain.
The group stares at the church, worried that German soldiers may already be inside. They cautiously scout, Train feeling his invisibility, which he now considers to bring problems. He worries about how he will explain it to God if he lets the boy (whom he still thinks of as an angel) die. He realizes he is not yet invisible, which he sees as bringing other problems, as he can be shot.
As Train approaches the damaged church, she sees a carving of St. Anna. He looks between the carving and the statue noting that, though different, they are both beautiful and both make him feel suddenly happy. He considers this a sign and approaches the carving, incautious of potential enemy fire, while his companions yell for him to return. He gazes at St. Anna and his invisibility returns. He reaches to wipe a tear from St. Anna’s eye and finds himself touching Bishop’s face, instead. The two stand frozen for a moment before recoiling.
Hector spots a man who appears to be speaking with an unseen figure. When Hector approaches the man, a malnourished and ragged Italian, Hector sees he is speaking to nobody. Hector, though he speaks Italian, cannot understand the man’s nonsensical ramblings. The church bell suddenly begins to ring and the man screams. The soldiers flee.
This portion of the novel continues to address the question of when race (and racism) does and does not have a material effect on the world. In Chapter 6, for example, Train thinks of his unease that “white folks got no say” in the Italian mountains (77), something that he simultaneously uses to describe his own authority over deciding what to do with Angelo. For Train, white supremacy is something that provides order, even if that order restricts him from having autonomy over his own life. While Train is sometimes characterized as finding comfort in this order, the moments in which he wants things for himself (such as protecting Angelo, despite frequent outside voices that encourage him to leave the child behind) show that even this “comfort” is uncomfortable. Reflecting the theme Being Black in America and Abroad, the novel thus presents Train’s lack of experience in dictating his own life (which is thrust upon him by a racist regime that has caused him to follow the orders of white people his whole life) as limiting, even dangerously so.
Chapter 6 further discusses the absurdities and ambivalences of supposed “racial science” through Hector’s assignment to the 92nd Division for “colored” soldiers. Hector, who is Puerto Rican, has a cousin (also Puerto Rican) who was assigned to a white division due to his lighter skin. Racial division, per Army policies, thus reveals the illogic of racist hierarchies, demonstrating that supposed racial difference (which, the racism of mid 20th century America erroneously asserts, determines the intellect and capability of non-white persons) is designated almost entirely by a person’s appearance. The tragedy of this division appears in its material consequences; Hector’s war experience is far different, far more brutal than that of his cousin. Various characters throughout the text, moreover, will cite the ways in which policies that put the pride of white soldiers first (leading to an unwritten rule that no Black person should ever command a white person) lead to repeated military disaster.
While such racial divisions undergird the Intra-Racial Conflicts Caused by Racism, the novel continually offers similarities between characters of different races, emphasizing that commonality and identity come not from any supposed racial difference but from the suffering undergone at the hands of someone with more societal power. Hector, for example, thinks in Chapter 7 of the ways in which impoverished Italian children, displaced by war, remind him of his own impoverished childhood in San Juan; both Hector and Bishop, moreover, survived childhoods with abusive fathers, despite the large geographic distance between their birthplaces. These similarities are revealed via the characters’ private thoughts, thus rendering them legible only to the reader. Thus, while the novel does not suggest that racism is immaterial (given its many physical, psychological, and societal cruelties), it does suggest that racism is based on an inherently faulty logic that merely uses race as an excuse to deepen the division between those with and without societal power.
By James McBride