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60 pages 2 hours read

Jesmyn Ward

Let Us Descend

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2023

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Chapters 7-9Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 7 Summary: “Marvel of Mere Dark”

Content Warning: This section of the guide contains depictions of enslavement, racism, imprisonment, abuse, and sexual assault.

Annis’ new enslaver and her servant, Emil, bring Annis and three other enslaved people to their new home, a sugar plantation in rural Louisiana. One of the women, a cook named Camille, has just been sold away from her daughter, and Annis tries to comfort the girl. The next morning, Annis wakes before dawn with Esther and Mary, two enslaved women with whom Annis will be working in the house. They go to fetch water, and Mary, who does not speak, kills a snake for breakfast. Esther tells Annis of her new enslaver’s intractable personality and her habit of counting their food supplies, even down to individual grains of rice, to make sure that the enslaved people in her home do not “filch” food. Annis realizes that Esther and Mary eat mostly what they can catch, gather, and hunt. Esther tells her that “the best” food is alligator, and Annis wonders how they go about killing the creatures.

Life on the sugar plantation is difficult, and Annis learns that yellow fever is a yearly occurrence and that although she is lucky for having been placed in the house rather than the fields, she will still have to help in the fields during the harvest. Aza visits her, and Annis smolders with anger at the spirit, whom she blames for not intervening on her behalf or her mother’s. As time passes, Annis is put to work helping to clear the sugarcane fields of rats. It is brutal, unpleasant work, although Annis finds a surreptitious sense of enjoyment from holding the staff which she uses to beat the rats, for the tool reminds her of the spears that her mother fashioned. After they kill the rats, their corpses are burned, and the smell is nauseating. Emil, the enslaved man who initially accompanied Annis and the other newcomers to the plantation, is punished by one of the white enslavers and sent to a dark, earthen prison called “the hole.” He resists this punishment, but is soon overpowered. Annis asks what “the hole” is, but she is shushed, and she feels Aza’s presence.

While Emil is in the hole, an underground earthen compartment enclosed by a heavy metal grate, Annis brings him water every day. On the fourth day, her enslaver orders Emil to be removed from the hole, and his fellow enslaved workers help him to bathe. Annis and the other women who work in the house are ordered to prepare for the arrival of their enslaver’s husband. He returns home and looms large over the household, both figuratively and literally. Esther explains to Annis that “he got a plaçage woman” (151), by which she means that he keeps a light-skinned Black mistress in New Orleans. Esther tells Annis to chew cotton roots to stave off pregnancy in case he comes after her. Later in the evening after the man’s arrival, he lunges for her and is caught in the act by his wife, who sends Annis to the hole. While imprisoned in the claustrophobic, dirty underground chamber, Annis has a series of feverish conversations with various spirits. She cannot understand their exact role in her life and struggles not to blame Aza for her lack of assistance. 

Chapter 8 Summary: “Salt and Smoke Offerings”

Annis recalls having a vision during her time in the hole. In this vision, her body floats above the plantation, looking down at her fellow enslaved men and women below. When she awakens from these dreams, she is weak and is brought back to the house. When Mary wakes her on the morning after her release, she feels battered and bruised. Esther tells her that everyone has been ordered into the cane fields. Annis cuts off all her hair and burns it as an offering. While she is working, two memories of her mother resurface. In the first, a man courting her mother brought her an animal heart. She and her mother cooked it, and she recalls the muscle as being chewy. Her mother entertained the man’s advances until he tried to interfere with her parenting, and then she coldly told him to “get.” In the second memory, Annis and her mother were running toward the Great Swamp, pursued by enslavers. The men were accompanied by dogs, and when they finally overtook Annis and her mother, her mother fought back with all of the strength that she could muster. It was to no avail, and the two were recaptured. Her mother was taken away and beaten brutally for days before she was returned to their cabin.

Back in the present moment, Esther and Annis talk while they work in the cane fields, speaking quietly out of the sides of their mouths so as to avoid punishment. Esther asks Annis why she cut her hair and tells her that the spot where she burned it is an important place for the enslaved people on the plantation and for their friends and relatives who have escaped and lived in the swamps. Esther and those on the plantation leave food and supplies at that location, and the formerly enslaved community in the woods leaves wild-caught food and items that might be useful to those still on the plantation. Annis tells Esther about the Great Dismal Swamp, and the two swap stories about communities of self-freed men and women, many of whom are known to Esther and were eventually caught.

Annis and the rest of the enslaved men and women on the plantation work all day in the heat, pulling weeds and tending to the fields. Later that night, Annis sits outside in the moonlight. Aza returns to her, and in an accusatory tone, Annis asks Aza why she did not help her and her mother to make it to the swamp years ago. Aza tells her that the distance was too great, and Annis was too young to run: “My mama deserved saving” (180) is the reply that Annis gives before walking slowly away from Aza. Aza returns and tries to explain to Annis why she was not able to help the two reach the Great Dismal Swamp. She also tells her more about the many spirits who populate her world. The two converse at length, and afterward, Annis feels that Aza wants “a kind of worship” (185) that she is not sure she can give. Like her mother before her, she is not entirely sure that she can place her trust in Aza. 

Chapter 9 Summary: “Burning Men”

As the seasons change, Annis gets to know the women on the plantation better, and they all swap stories of their lives, of their stolen mothers and daughters, and their ruptured families. One morning, their enslaver falls ill, and his wife orders the women in the house to prepare a sick room for him. As Esther and Annis add logs to the fire in their enslavers’ bedroom and the woman who sent Annis to the hole barks orders at them, Annis thinks she sees in Esther’s movements an anxiety borne out of memories of having been sexually assaulted by their enslaver. Annis is ordered to find a medicinal cure for fever and leaves the house to fulfill the task.

Annis hunts for mushrooms, some of which grow out of the bodies of insects that have been infected by airborne spores. Annis knows how to tell the medicinal mushrooms from the deadly fungi. Gathering both, she wonders which to bring to her enslaver. She asks Safi and her mother to guide her. While she is digging, she comes across the bodies of recently killed, skinned, and cleaned rabbits. A man half-hidden in the woods speaks to her from the shadows. He is Esther’s brother, and he asks her to bring the rabbits to his sister. He cautions her about the mushrooms, noting that some are edible, some are poisonous, and some will cause hallucinatory visions. Annis is guarded and refuses to tell him her name, but she agrees to bring the rabbits back to Esther.

When she returns to the house, Cora tells her that she has been asked after, and she prepares a healing tonic from the medicinal mushrooms for her enslaver. She gives some edible mushrooms to Cora to prepare for the women for their dinner, and Cora tells her about the yellow fever that she thinks their enslaver has contracted. It is a devastating illness. When Annis brings her tonic up to the sick room, her enslaver’s wife slaps her, and she wishes that she had slipped the poisonous mushroom into the healing tonic. Later, the women share their meal of rabbit and mushrooms in the kitchen, and Annis learns about their families’ histories with yellow fever. They all go to sleep in their pantry with full stomachs for once but are woken in the night to the sound of wailing. They run upstairs to a gruesome, bloody scene in their enslavers’ room. The man has succumbed to his fever, and his wife is howling with grief, his head in her hands.

Chapters 7-9 Analysis

The narrative in these chapters focuses on Annis’s time on the sugar plantation. It is an accurate depiction of one of the most grueling types of labor performed by enslaved men and women in the Americas. On this plantation, Annis is subject to near-starvation, cruel punishment, and the sexual predation of her enslaver. Yet, she and the other women on the plantation also showcase strength and resourcefulness; they are able to survive because they can hunt, fish, and forage.

Sugar plantations were particularly brutal places, and life on them was difficult even by comparison to other kinds of plantation fieldwork. Harvesting sugar cane is an intensely laborious process, and when it is done by hand, it takes a great deal of time and the work of many laborers to complete. Processing the cane is equally difficult, for it must be prepared for boiling almost immediately after harvest in order to avoid spoilage. The boiling process requires massive amounts of fuel, which required enslaved men and women to chop large quantities of wood in order to keep the fires lit. Sugar, during the early days of colonization, was therefore a luxury item. Few Europeans were able to afford it, and it was not widely used in cooking. It was the practice of enslavement itself that turned sugar into a basic household commodity, and then the production of sugar, in turn, fueled further enslavement. It was only the unpaid labor of enslaved men and women in the Americas that rendered sugar affordable; labor costs were minimal in a system that did not pay its workers. Sugar therefore became a lucrative industry, and the desire for wealth fueled the purchase of more and more enslaved men and women and the creation of an increasing number of sugar estates and plantations all over the Caribbean and the southern United States. The slave trade is often referred to as “The Triangular Trade” because that name reflects the triangular movement of goods and people across the Atlantic. Enslaved men and women were sent from Africa to the Americas, and sugar and other goods that their labor produced were then sent to Europe. Both money and manufactured items then made their way from Europe to the Americas, completing the cycle. The history of sugar is thus inextricably linked to the history of enslavement, and Ward’s choice to depict the harsh conditions on a sugar plantation is her way of confronting the deeply problematic and largely undiscussed relationship between sugar production and enslavement.

Sugar was indeed one of the most brutal moving parts in the history of enslavement in the Americas, and life on the plantation where Annis finds herself is a stark reflection of that ugly reality. The stringency of the conditions is likewise reflected in the fact that Annis’s female enslaver counts each grain of rice and withholds as much food as possible from the enslaved men and women on her plantation. Her extreme unwillingness to properly nourish the people whom she also overworks during the cane harvest is a striking representation of inhumanity. Her character also stands as an important reminder of the role that white women played in enslavement, and although the narrative focuses more on the atmosphere of sexual violence created by male enslavers, Annis’s lone female enslaver is just as cruel as her male counterparts. This woman, upon catching her husband in the act of trying to sexually assault Annis, punishes Annis rather than blaming her husband, and this leads to Annis’s first experience in the hole. Because Annis’s male enslaver is a serial abuser of enslaved women, Esther and Mary warn Annis not to be alone with him very soon after her arrival on the plantation. In this way, Ward continues to engage with the theme of Sexual Assault as a Hazard of Enslavement, and it becomes increasingly obvious that there is nowhere that enslaved women can be safe from sexual predation.

In this portion of the text, Annis continues to find solace and strength in her memories, and she is often lost in remembrance of her mother in particular. In these remembrances, she finds considerable Resilience and Agency Amidst Oppression, and it is notable that even in a setting so devoid of love and humanity, it is to memories of her mother that she turns: the first source of love in her life and the woman who provided her with her first lessons about strength and resilience. Aza also continues to visit Annis, and this phenomenon becomes a source of strength as well, for it is in part through Annis’s conversations with this spirit that she comes to know more about her family history and to understand herself as a person.

In spite of the horrific conditions in which they live on the sugar plantation, where clubbing rats to death in the fields and burning the bodies is an integral part of the harvest, Annis, Esther, Mary, and others find strength and solace in friendship and in the sharing of resources. They hunt, trap, fish, and forage, and Esther tells Annis that alligator makes the best food. Annis, too, knows the woods well, and she supplements their meals with the mushrooms that she gathers. In this way, Annis continues to be characterized by an ongoing drive for both survival and agency, and although her life is not without great difficulties, she manages to provide for herself and safeguard her own well-being. 

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