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60 pages 2 hours read

Jesmyn Ward

Let Us Descend

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2023

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Chapters 10-13Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 10 Summary: “Sweet Harvest”

Content Warning: This section of the guide contains depictions of enslavement, racism, violence, physical abuse, and imprisonment.

The lady of the house sits in her deceased husband’s room and will not allow his body to be taken away. The sickly odor of death permeates the house, and everyone is uneasy. In the fields, the workers will not start the harvest without her permission, for fear of punishment. The tension on the sugar plantation is palpable. On the fourth day, the lady gives instructions for her husband’s body to be brought downstairs. By this point, he is bloated and disfigured, and the task is an unpleasant one. Aza visits Annis again and speaks to her about “The Water,” where the spirits are all from. She tells Annis that those who die in agony often remain on the earth, wandering. Annis wonders if her mother is among this group, but Aza either cannot or will not say. Finally, the harvest begins, and Annis takes part in this grueling, laborious process. The enslaved men and women work tirelessly until the cane is not only cut, but processed and readied for sale.

Chapter 11 Summary: “Thin and Smudge”

The lady orders a mausoleum to be built to hold her husband’s remains, and a small group of neighbors arrives for a funeral. Meanwhile, the enslaved people of the plantation continue the harvest, with everyone working together in the green fields under the heat of a brutal sun. Annis looks up to see Bastian, Esther’s brother, who is half-hidden in the trees at the edge of the cleared land. He wants Esther to run away, but she is too scared to obey. He asks Annis to go with him instead, and the two kiss. She considers the possibility of making her escape. He gives her a parcel of raccoon meat.

Aza’s spirit visits her again and asks if Annis intends to run away with Bastian. Annis is not sure that she wants the half-freedom that living in the woods on the outskirts of this plantation would offer. She would like to run north and knows that there is a network of “ferrymen” in place to assist escapees, but she does not know how to find such people and doubts that they operate this far south. Esther and Mary fall into the water while gathering wood for the cane refinery and are swept away by the current. Annis prays to the water to keep them safe and asks Aza to watch out for them. However, Aza declines, telling Annis that her “purview” is Annis and Annis alone. Later, inside the house, the female enslaver attacks Annis with a red-hot fire iron for having “stolen” raccoon meat that she believes to be hers because she assumes that it came from her land. Although Annis initially is able to fend off the blows, it has been too long since she practiced with her mother, and she is struck. She falls to the ground. 

Chapter 12 Summary: “Ferrywomen”

Annis wakes up in the hole. She senses Aza above her and hears the voices of other spirits. Although they seem to encourage her to “descend,” she tells them that doing so is no kind of life and begins to try to claw her way out of the mud-soaked enclosure. She is able to loosen the grate, but there is not enough room for her body to fit through the holes around the metal door. She suddenly remembers the elephant-tusk awl in her hair and uses it to pick the lock and free herself from the hole.

She crawls from the hole just as several white men in the employ of her enslaver reach the enclosure. Seeing the grate pried loose and the hole empty, they send for all the white men on the plantation who are not already busy searching for Esther and Mary. Frantic, Annis is not sure how to proceed and receives what seems like contradictory advice from multiple spirits. She wants to follow the water, but Aza disagrees with that course of action. Annis calls on her Mama, who reminds Annis of the time she tried to escape with her daughter to the safety of the Great Dismal Swamp. Annis chooses the water and is able to successfully evade her captors by floating downriver on a raft. While in the safety of the water, she is visited by a spirit who is definitely her grandmother, Mama Aza, and Mama Aza tells her the story of her journey from Africa to the United States on a ship full of enslaved men and women. At the time, Mama Aza knew that she was carrying Sasha, Annis’s mother, and her despair was so great that she envied the dead and dying. While she was aboard the ship, a great storm formed in the Atlantic Ocean, and Mama Aza was sure that they would all die. The hold where they were kept captive filled with water, and as she choked in the foul mixture of seawater, blood, and human waste, she realized that the storm had taken her image. She also understood that she desperately wanted to live. The despair she had felt only hours prior was transformed into a fierce will to survive.

Mama Aza tells Annis that she first understood such a survival instinct from the elephants whom she and the other warrior wives hunted. Even in their final moments, the elephants’ will to live remained strong. Annis thinks of her mother and hears Sasha’s voice reminding her that she is her own weapon, and that she is strong, special, and loved. Finally, it is only the spirit Aza who remains with Annis. Aza would like her to stay in New Orleans, hide herself, and find Aza’s children, the other spirits who “call” on her. Annis perceives Aza’s need to be needed and to mother her. She tells the spirit that she would prefer to travel onward in order to find a swamp large enough to shelter her and safeguard her from future capture. Aza agrees, and the wind blows her raft onward. She and Aza travels through New Orleans and perceives spirits everywhere, guiding people and suggesting complex, often conflicting courses of action to those who call on them. They encourage plaçage women to slowly poison their serial rapists, and they also walk with people who make their way through the crowded streets. At Annis’s insistence, they travel onward. 

Chapter 13 Summary: “Once More Saw Stars”

After leaving New Orleans, Annis reaches the edge of a vast lake. On the shore, she sees signs of a trail and a clearing. She instinctively knows that yellow fever has ravaged the area and sees that the ruins of an enslaver’s settlement have become a home for a colony of honey-producing bees. Although Aza would like her to settle elsewhere and worries that Annis will not be able to find food, Annis is firm in her resolution to make the clearing her new home. Aza leaves but says that she will return. Annis easily forages for mushrooms, wild sorrel, and other plants.

Aza returns and asks once more for Annis to leave her clearing and its small cabin, and to return to New Orleans and become her priestess. Annis again asserts her own independence and voices her desire to stay. She has discovered that she is pregnant from a sexual encounter with Esther’s brother, and she intends to raise her child in the safety of the swampy woods. Because of her mother’s lessons in hunting and foraging, she will be able to easily live off the land. She again hears her mother’s voice and that of Mama Aza. The spirit Aza grows angry and whirls away eastward, away from New Orleans, in a storm of fury. Annis remains alone in the clearing, determined to experience freedom on her own terms.

Chapters 10-13 Analysis

In the final chapters, Annis is able to secure her own freedom, and Ward concludes the novel with the impression that the protagonist will be able to make a life for herself in the woods on the edge of the great lake outside of New Orleans. These chapters are intensely tied to the ever-present setting of the swamp, which emerges as an important part of the narrative as well as a connection to Ward’s body of work as a whole. The character of Bastian also connects the narrative further to the real-life history of enslaved men and women who were able to free themselves and then help others. Escape is a constant theme in these later chapters, for Esther and Mary also slip away from the plantation by jumping into the river and allowing it to carry them downstream. Annis, too, eventually makes her escape in this manner, and as she utilizes her mother’s many lessons to forge a successful life on her own in the woods, her decision to do so reflects a culmination of the theme of Resilience and Agency Amidst Oppression.

In another example of Families Destroyed by Enslavement, Bastian, as Esther’s brother, endeavors to help and hopefully to free his sister after having successfully escaped from enslavement himself, so he periodically checks in on her and brings her food, but he is unable to openly be a part of her life. In the midst of these trying circumstances, he and Annis strike up a relationship that, although short-lived, does produce a child, and he is thus a figure of love and “sweetness” in the narrative. He also represents further engagement with the history of enslavement in the South, for his presence is an homage to similar historical figures and their literary representations, and his character represents another way that the text celebrates forms agency within the overarching framework of enslavement While such enslaved figures are not typically associated with concepts of will, freedom, and choice, they nonetheless engaged in their own quiet forms of rebellion by living on the edges of civilization—hidden enough to evade re-capture, but close enough to various settlements that they could easily help recently escaped individuals to find food, shelter, and safety.

Accordingly, both Esther and Mary find their own way to freedom in this section by jumping into the river, and although Ward does not confirm whether these women officially make it to safety, the last image that Annis has of them is of what looks like a wave, and Annis sees that Esther “clenches her raised hand into a fist” (254). This triumphant image is designed to evoke contemporary readers’ knowledge of the symbol of the raised fist, which is a universal symbol of Black strength and Black power and suggests that the two women are successful in their quest for freedom. Escape likewise remains a primary focus in this final section of the text, and so too does the issue of agency. The final act for many of these people is self-emancipation, a feat rendered possible by resilience and will.

Accordingly, Annis also makes her escape during these chapters, aided by her grandmother’s elephant-tusk awl. Although she is able to partially dislodge the metal grate at the top of the hole, it is not until she uses her awl to pick its lock that she is fully free, and in this way, she makes use of both her cultural heritage and the resourcefulness that she learned from her mother. Although Annis frees herself, she does so with the aid of her mother and her ancestors, as personified in the spirits of Aza and Mama Aza.

The fact that she finally makes her home among the swampy backcountry woods serves as a nod to the resilience of such communities of the formerly enslaved, and it also functions as a point of connection to Ward’s other works. The author’s other three novels and her memoir are set in the nearby countryside, and this is the part of America that Ward loved so much that she was unable to leave it. An appreciation for the coastal lowland region of Mississippi and Louisiana permeates her work, and that region’s importance to the people that populate her narratives rises to the forefront of the themes, symbols, and motifs that she employs to tell her stories. Her love for this land and her ability to live in harmony with it are key pieces of so many of her characters’ identities, and Annis’s choice of home reflects that dynamic. Enslavers all over the South attempted to deprive enslaved men and women of a sense of home. After losing their ancestral homes in Africa, they were housed on plantations and sold back and forth in continual displacement, which created a feeling of permanent dislocation. Despite this, African Americans became deeply tied to the swamps and woodlands of the South, and it is their skills and farming practices that are now typically associated with “Southern” cuisine and culture. This is another way in which African Americans displayed agency, even during enslavement, for they brought ways of living with the land from Africa, adapted them to their new home, and like Annis, were able to grow, forage, and hunt to ensure their ongoing survival.

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