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43 pages 1 hour read

Bret Easton Ellis

Less Than Zero

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1985

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Chapters 1-3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary

Content Warning: This novel depicts rape, drug addiction and overdose, eating disorders, sex work, and graphic violence, and it describes these actions in detail using graphic language. For fidelity to the original text, this guide includes explicit language in its citations.

The first of the eleven untitled chapters begins in Los Angeles. In the first section, Clay is returning from his first semester at Camden, a college in New Hampshire, for winter break. Blair, his on-again-off-again girlfriend, picks him up at the airport. For reasons he cannot explain, Clay is irked by her comment that “people are afraid to merge on freeways in Los Angeles” (1). When he arrives home, Clay notices that his mom has hired a new maid, and he has lunch with his mom, who tells him he looks unhappy.

Clay’s two sisters, who he thinks are 13 and 15, discuss Christmas shopping. The four of them shop in Beverly Hills. The mother shops alone in Neiman Marcus while the girls use their father’s charge card to buy him a gift as well as items for themselves from a store called Privilege. In the car, Clay’s sister accuses him of locking the door to his room, which he claims that he does so that they don’t steal his cocaine.

Clay visits a psychiatrist and explains that he has bizarre sexual fantasies while smoking cigarettes. The psychiatrist begins talking about his own issues related to remodeling his home in Tahoe.

Clay later has lunch with Blair and her two friends Alana and Kim at a restaurant in Studio City. Blair says that their friend Muriel has been hospitalized for anorexia after she fell asleep during a film class. The two continue to talk about who is sleeping with whom, while Clay, upon hearing the names, wonders if he has slept with any of these people, until he learns that one of them, Raoul, is a bisexual man. Clay continues to zone in and out of the conversation until the meal is over.

Chapter 2 Summary

In the next section, Clay attends Kim’s party along with Trent, a bisexual male model. There they see Julian, a high school friend and drug dealer who Clay says looks thinner than normal, but otherwise the same, with short, blonde hair.

The two make eye contact, but Julian walks away. Blair gives Clay a scarf for Christmas. Clay also sees Rip, his drug dealer, at Kim’s party. Clay buys cocaine from Rip, with whom he snorts lines and explains that he has taken classes in art, writing, and music. When asked, Clay admits that he doesn’t know if he wants to go back to school.

There is no furniture at the party, as Kim’s parents have just moved. Clay also talks to a guy named Griffin, who is a student at USC. After doing more cocaine together and chatting a bit, Griffin asks if Clay wants to go to his house, as his parents are in Rome for Christmas. Clay passively agrees. He wakes up the next morning before dawn and begins to dress in Griffin’s living room—presumably following a sexual encounter—while Griffin’s housecleaner looks on and takes little notice. Clay leaves Griffin’s house at dawn, but not before snorting more coke from his glove box. He realizes he left the scarf given to him by Blair at Griffin’s house. He sees a billboard that reads, “Disappear here,” which bothers him for reasons he can’t explain.

Clay sleeps for a few more hours at his home before getting up at 11:00 to meet his father for lunch. He sees a Ferrari that he doesn’t recognize in his driveway, and everyone else is still sleeping, so Clay swims laps in the pool before leaving for his lunch date.

At lunch, Clay’s father tells him that he looks thin and asks if he wants to go to Palm Springs for Christmas. This prompts a flashback to a previous visit that Clay made to Palm Springs. He skipped school one day to drive to an abandoned family home that his aunt was too sentimental to sell. The visit caused memories to flood him, so Clay decides not to visit again.

After lunch, Clay visits Muriel, who is hospitalized for anorexia, in the hospital. She is watching MTV and is surrounded by Glamour and Vogue magazines. On Clay’s drive home, someone in the vehicle next to him asks if he is an actor, a question which he ignores as he drives away.

Clay waits for his friend and dealer, Rip, at Cafe Casino in Westwood, although he ends up instead seeing Julian, who pulls up in a black Porsche and apologizes for not greeting him at the party. He explains that he has been in a bad state and has dropped out of USC, which he found to be “so totally bogus” (41). Julian asks if he wants any drugs, and Clay says no.

Clay visits Rip at his apartment on Wilshire Boulevard, where Rip keeps company with several other nearly nude young men whom Clay doesn’t know. Clay asks him why he never showed up, and Rip responds that he said to meet him at the Cafe Casino in Beverly Hills, not in Westwood. Clay doubts that Rip ever arrived there, either. Trent is also at Rip’s apartment, trying to reach another prospective drug dealer by phone, since he cannot reach Julian.

Chapter 3 Summary

At his apartment, Trent invites Clay to a party that night at the Roxy, but Clay explains that his friend Daniel is having a party. Trent uses an anti-gay slur against Daniel, and Clay insists that he isn’t gay. Trent’s mom calls from downstairs, where he and Clay also find the house cleaner from El Salvador watching MTV. Trent explains that his mom will likely fire her soon but has not yet done so because she feels guilty that the woman’s family was killed. Trent’s mom leaves for a fashion show in Century City while Clay hears the maid vomiting in the bathroom.

Clay takes Blair to Daniel’s house for a party, but the two don’t stay long before going back to Blair’s house. After having sex at her home, Blair tells Clay to have a Merry Christmas if she doesn’t see him.

Clay has a flashback to a time when Blair went to stay in Monterrey, where they idled the week away drinking bourbon, swimming, watching movies, and making love. At the end of that week, Blair claimed that they should have gone to Palm Springs instead of Monterrey.

Back in the present, Clay stops to buy pornographic magazines at a newsstand. When he arrives home, the winds continue to whip fiercely outside. Clay falls asleep staring at an Elvis Costello poster that reads, “Trust,” and then casually mentions that it’s Christmas Eve.

Daniel calls Clay later on Christmas Eve and explains that he got a letter from a girl named Vanden, with whom they go to school in New Hampshire. The letter says that she is pregnant with what may be his child and that she may not go back to school. When Daniel asks Clay whether he should call her, he apathetically suggests that he should, but Daniel ultimately decides against it.

Clay has Christmas dinner with his family at a restaurant called Chasen’s, where his parents exchange only a few words. Clay is distracted by memories, including Blair’s comment about people being afraid to merge on freeways and a billboard he saw with the words, “Disappear here.” After a brief stop at the bar, they drop Clay’s father off at his penthouse before going home to Clay’s house on Mulholland Drive.

Clay’s memory returns to the previous Christmas in Palm Springs, when it was 112 degrees. He spent the holiday with his grandfather, who woke up to hear strange voices at night. They found Lucky Strikes, which no one in the family smoked, by the pool, so Clay’s dad had the locks changed. Despite the oppressive heat, Clay smokes a joint to fall asleep.

On the Friday following Christmas, Clay goes with his friends Rip, Griffin, Alana, and Kim to the beach. The girls say that they invited Julian, but he could not come. They listen to Blondie and The Psychedelic Furs on a portable tape deck and drink rum and coke.

In a flashback, Clay remembers driving around the desert in Palm Springs with his sisters and seeing a car burning. He imagined that he saw a child burning, too, but the papers the next day confirmed that there was no child. Clay became rather obsessed with images of dead children and cut out newspaper clippings of horrific acts such as parents killing their children and men killing their wives.

On the following Saturday, as is common for them when there is no party, people visit one another’s homes and drink. Trent visits Clay and uses an antisemitic phrase when telling him about a woman who claims she saw a werewolf. Clay wonders if it’s true and looks out his window in search of a werewolf for the rest of the night while drinking gin.

Chapters 1-3 Analysis

The opening sections of the novel introduce the novel’s major thematic elements: materialism, elitism, instant gratification, drugs, 1980s music, and sexuality. Clay bounces from party to party at the well-appointed homes of his high school friends who now attend various colleges in Southern California. No one seems to have an interest in their courses, futures, or careers, instead preferring to talk about how to get drugs, prescription medication, and alcohol. They talk about who is sleeping with whom, including many bisexual partnerships. All relationships seem to be nothing more than one-night stands. Moreover, the parties that Clay attends are in homes where drug abound and parents are absent. The teenagers occasionally discuss their parents, all of whom are absent from the home traveling, whether for leisure or for their work as actors or directors in the film industry. Many of Clay’s close friends and their families, including Blair, appear in magazines and on television.

Sexuality is another prominent theme. For example, Clay has sexual encounters with both men and women, all of which seem to be devoid of emotional connection. Clay and his group of friends seem to view sex as a momentary pleasure, akin to drugs and alcohol. Just as they consume drugs and alcohol voraciously, they engage in sex indiscriminately.

Although the novel uses first-person narration, Clay delivers his narrative in a detached fashion, sometimes with a palpable dose of sarcasm. The reader wonders whether Clay’s narrative style is intended to demonstrate the effects of his frequent recreational drug use or whether his habitual use of hard drugs has changed his ability to process information. Clay has a habit of collecting news stories of heinous crimes and incidents, including car crashes and murders within families. Although he is not violent, this behavior anticipates Ellis’s protagonist in his most famous work, American Psycho (1991).

The opening section also introduces the setting of Los Angeles. The entirety of the novel will take place in Los Angeles, and this setting is important for characterization of Ellis’s characters, who are uniformly privileged. They drive expensive cars and routinely spend hundreds of dollars on drugs, despite not having gainful employment. Their parents, to the extent that they figure in the novel, are wealthy and detached, which enables this apathetic and entitled behavior; Clay’s father writes checks to his family during Christmas, and Clay’s sisters spend their father’s money at the mall in an unbridled manner.

The setting of Los Angeles also allows the Hollywood film industry to serve as a rich, if unsettling, backdrop. The fact that Clay’s parents are constantly at work or traveling to be on a film set suggests that the film industry propagates a culture of moral bankruptcy and prevents meaningful human connections.

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