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87 pages 2 hours read

Ann Jaramillo

La Linea

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 2006

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Chapters 1-6Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary

On Miguel’s 15th birthday, he looks for the practical gift his grandmother always leaves in his wooden crate but is disappointed to find nothing. He understands Abuelita loves him, but she is very poor. He wishes for a pair of jeans instead of the patched pants he wears to work at the rancho, but mostly Miguel wishes to be with his Papá, Domingo, who crossed la línea nearly seven years ago. Papá attended school through fourth grade, then saved money to buy books he read while working on Abuelo’s rancho. He named Miguel after his favorite authors and vowed that Miguel, unlike himself, would get a good education and a good job. Miguel finds a note from Papá saying it is time for Miguel to come and join him across the border. Miguel must contact Don Clemente for help. Miguel excitedly thinks this is the first day of his new life. Miguel is oblivious to his younger sister Elena’s burning desire to travel north.

Chapter 2 Summary

Miguel enjoys soccer but was not good enough to make an advanced team. He often dreams of staying in Mexico and becoming a famous, wealthy soccer player and building a mansion for his family, but his dream always turns dark. Abuelita lovingly prepares tortillas, pozole, and frijoles for their breakfast. Thirteen-year-old Elena remains asleep after another of her frequent sleepless nights. Elena treasures the letters from their Mamá, whom they have only seen once in the last seven years when she returned for her sister’s funeral. Abuelita says that Don Clemente is out of town until Sunday. She wants Miguel to tell Elena that he is leaving. Miguel agrees but dreads telling Elena because she will throw a fit and want to go with him. Miguel says nothing when Elena wakes. Looking at the drought-stricken corn field, Miguel knows only the money that his parents send keeps them alive.

Chapter 3 Summary

Miguel and his friends Lalo and Chuy, visit their secret swimming hole in the hills, which is one of the few swimming holes that has not dried up. They recall adventures they shared there, like practicing farting to prank a teacher and experimenting with alcohol. This time, Miguel brings cigarettes he took from his uncle. Lalo, who wants to be a doctor, announces that he is leaving San Jacinto to go to school in the capital. Chuy knows he is staying: His family is trying to keep San Jacinto alive. His father farms, and his mother thinks the town can attract tourists. Chuy, a talented carver, displays the fanciful creature he made. Miguel declares that he is also leaving, but his friends tell him not to kid himself. Miguel received this same letter from Papá twice before. Both times Papá failed to provide the money for Miguel to go north. Miguel worries that if Papá really wanted Miguel with him in California, he would have come for Miguel long ago.

Chapter 4 Summary

Elena, sensing something is up, follows Miguel everywhere. He takes her to town for ice cream and to tell her he is leaving. Walking to San Jacinto, Elena raises her t-shirt to expose her midriff and slides her jeans lower. Miguel says she looks trashy, but Elena defies him, knowing he cannot parent her. Elena shares a letter she received from Mamá but withheld from Miguel. It includes a photo of their three-year-old twin sisters whom they have never met. Mamá promises there is almost enough money to send for Elena. Miguel is frustrated because Elena knows that Papa is sending for them in order: first Mamá, then Miguel, then Elena. San Jacinto is filled with kids playing and older people dozing and gossiping in the scruffy plaza. The young men left town to find work, and even the teenage girls are leaving. Miguel realizes Elena knows his secret. She tearfully insists it is unfair he gets to leave since they are almost the same age. 

Chapter 5 Summary

Don Clemente is wealthy; He drives a Mercedes and lives in a large house inside a secure compound. He is a trafficker who specializes in arranging the safest passage across the border for a high price. Juanito, Don Clemente’s shady nephew, keeps Miguel waiting to see Don Clemente. Miguel dislikes Juanito and is jealous of how easy his life is. Juanito beat Miguel to the spot on the regional soccer team Miguel wanted, but then got kicked off the team. Don Clemente is scarred on his left side from a fire that took the life of his wife and daughter. Miguel’s father, Domingo, saved Don Clemente from the fire. Don Clemente gives Miguel instructions and cash for his trip but warns Miguel that there may be dishonest people along the route. Miguel is hurt to learn that Don Clemente offered to bring Mamá, Miguel, and Elena over the border, but his father was “too proud to accept” his help (16). Miguel knows Don Clemente added money to help Miguel now. 

Chapter 6 Summary

Abuelita confirms the story that Papá refused Don Clemente’s offer to bring his family north but says that Papá knows what he is doing. Miguel still wants to go north but is angry at Papá. Abuelita tells Miguel to be open minded and not to be so hard on people. Although Miguel does not want her to, Abuelita plans to slaughter a goat and give him a goodbye party in three days. Miguel memorizes routes and names from Don Miguel’s papers and buys supplies, including a water bottle, backpack, and secret money pouch, all of which he hides from Elena. Working on final projects around the rancho, such as patching the roof and fence, validates Miguel’s decision to leave. Unlike Elena, Miguel is terrible at raising crops or animals or even doing even basic repairs. He knows his future awaits him in California. 

Chapters 1-6 Analysis

In these opening chapters, readers meet the novel’s protagonist, Miguel, and through his first-person perspective learn about the challenges he and his sister face in their small Mexican town. Miguel’s narrative reflects his personal coming-of-age journey. Jaramillo introduces the theme of the importance of family, which is central to the novel. Finally, Jaramillo’s liberal inclusion of words and phrases in Spanish adds to the novel’s realism.

Papá’s letter directing Miguel to join him across “la línea,” the border between Mexico and the United States, is a welcome gift on Miguel’s 15th birthday. Abuelita comments that Miguel’s prayer has been granted, “tu súplica se te ha concedido” (18), because Miguel has wished and waited for this moment for seven years while growing from child to adolescent. Miguel thinks of himself as an adult compared to 13-year-old Elena and lords it over her though the age difference between them, as Elena knows, is not that great.

Miguel, though obedient and respectful toward Abuelita, is frustrated with life in San Jacinto and on the failing rancho. Miguel sees his ineptitude with farm work as a sign his destiny lies in California and believes that Papá’s letter heralds the start of a new, prosperous future. Miguel believes in the American dream: America is rich with opportunity, and anyone from any social class or place in the world can be successful there if they work hard, sacrifice, and take risks.

Self-taught after fourth grade, Papá understands education is the key to success. In his vision of the American dream, his children receive an education and earn good jobs instead of working as farm laborers like he does. Even in California, he and Mamá still work as field hands to make a better life for their family.

Life on the rancho is one of hardship and struggle, which contrasts with what Miguel imagines about America. Miguel understands that without the money his parents send to Abuelita they would starve. He recognizes the economic disparity between Mexico and the United States: Foreign corn floods the Mexican market, making it unprofitable to raise corn even if it were to grow successfully. Young adults are abandoning San Jacinto searching for work. Miguel thinks the plans of his friend Chuy’s family to revitalize the town are unrealistic and foolish; the only solution to poverty is to go north. This belief motivates many immigrants to risk the illegal crossing. To provide for their families, they will do almost anything.

Living in poverty, Miguel is enticed by wealth. He is jealous of Juanito, Don Clemente’s nephew, who gets everything he desires. Miguel is impressed with Don Clemente’s ostentatious lifestyle even though Don Clemente’s money comes from illegal activities.

Although Miguel and Elena have Abuelita and their friends, the separation from their parents has negatively affected them. Elena especially suffers the absence of her mother, which is shown in her sleeplessness and devotion to Mamá’s letters. The two have only faint childhood memories of their parents. Miguel views Abuelita as his surrogate mother. Abuelita shows him love and security through her acts of preparing food, her acceptance of his faults and strengths, and her religious devotion. Abuelita raised Miguel to respect family, and family is one of the driving forces behind Miguel’s and Elena’s desire to go north.

Miguel, however, doubts his father’s love for him. Twice previously, Papá did not follow through on his promise to bring Miguel north. Miguel grows more bitter toward Papá when he learns Papá refused Don Clemente’s help to bring the whole family north. Ignoring Abuelita’s advice, Miguel does judge his father without knowing all the facts. He nurtures his anger and resentment, convinced that Papá’s pride, his orgullo, is greater than his love for his family. Miguel’s attitude reveals his own critical, judgmental nature: a quality Abuelita warns him against.

Jaramillo’s use of bilingualism in the novel is a language feature, or technique, that helps communicate Miguel’s cultural identity. Occasionally the Spanish language words and phrases are translated, but most often the reader must use contextual clues to understand their meaning. The combination of Spanish and English vocabulary gives the reader a strong sense of authenticity, adding realism to Miguel’s story. The bilingual blend also creates a sense of place that likely differs from the reader’s community. 

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