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Howard ThurmanA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Deception, for Thurman, is the weak’s most effective short-term tool against the strong. It is understandable and often easy to rationalize, but Thurman warns against its usage and argues instead for complete honesty and sincerity.
Thurman interchangeably refers to “the disinherited,” “the weak,” and “the underprivileged.” These are groups of humans sharing racial, social, or national identities who are oppressed by more powerful groups, often living in close proximity.
Faith is the recurring belief in God’s love and forgiveness, which also inspires faith in one’s personal and political goals.
According to Thurman, fear as the defining psychological state of the disinherited, reinforced by violence and threats of violence by the powerful.
Fellowship is the natural bonding between humans who share aspects of their identities or who come in contact with each other under equal and favorable terms. Fellowship does not come naturally between the strong and the weak and must be worked toward.
Like deception, hate is a reasonable reaction on the part of oppressed people in the face of inestimable injustice. It also drives the racist attitudes of the strong. Hate appears at first as a creative force, but it quickly gets out of control and destroys everything in its path.
To Thurman, love is rooted in the recognition of mutual humanity and sacredness. It doesn’t mean liking or condoning any specific acts; rather, it is an earthly manifestation of faith and grace.
Between 1849 and 1950, America had many strict “Jim Crow” laws which enforced the separation of Black and white Americans in public life. These laws resulted in significant inequality and imposed harsh restrictions on African Americans.
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