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Sinclair LewisA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
By March 1938, Jessup’s New Underground cell is fully operational and operating out of Buck Titus’s basement. Because of a new law that restricts printing materials, Jessup, Julian, and Buck steal and refurbish and old printing press, and Pollikop, who is a former bootlegger, smuggles in paper from Canada. Dan Wilgus, due to his fondness for Jessup and his dislike of Itchitt, steals the type from the Informer office and smuggles it to Titus’s house. Other members of the cell include Mary, Sissy, Lorinda, Dr. Olmsted, and Father Perefixe.
The cell produces a paper called the Vermont Vigilance with articles written by Spartan (Jessup) and Anthony B Susan (Pike), in addition to publishing news gathered by other New Underground cells, foreign newspapers, and from the communist underground. Through his comrades and his new work, Jessup is able to find his passion and happiness again, even as he is shocked to realize how many crimes of the regime have been covered up. Jessup finds the precarity of the news they report makes publishing it seem even more important, compared to his obliviousness when he worked at the Informer. He feels important for acting during this moment of crisis, and thinks about what future people might make of their activities, believing “that these historians would be neither Communists nor Fascists nor bellicose American or English Nationalists but just the sort of smiling Liberals that the warring fanatics of today most cursed as weak waverers” (272).
Pollikop points out that many of the crimes they report on also happened pre-Windrip; they just weren’t reported because they seemed normal. He also argues that the same elites that perpetuated these crimes are now in with Windrip, but that they would ingratiate themselves with Trowbridge if he ever came to power.
Lorinda sells her remaining interest in the Tavern and becomes Titus’s live-in housekeeper in order to divert suspicion about their activities. The news causes a minor scandal in town, but people are more concerned with not having enough to eat. With Lorinda now living at the headquarters of the New Underground cell, Jessup is able to regularly spend evenings with her, with Buck’s approval. Jessup finds her even more physically attractive and the two begin acting more like a regular couple. Jessup has come to find their revolutionary spy activities romantic and fun; he dreams that they will either succeed in their mission and head to Bermuda or die in each other’s arms.
One morning in mid-March, after waking up together, Lorinda points out that both of them have become more cautious in their activities, and that she fears that they have been prioritizing their relationship over the revolution. She confesses that she has been ordered to go to Beecher Falls, on the Canadian border, in order to start another New Underground cell under the guise of opening a tea room. Jessup realizes that the move was her idea, which she confirms, telling him that “the world's in chains, and I can't be free to love till I help tear them off” (282). Lorinda adds that she wishes things were different and that they could have been together when they were younger. She then leaves that same day.
It’s now April 1938, and Sissy is to have dinner in the evening with Ledue and Staubmeyer, hoping that Ledue will brag about his graft and corruption to her, as well as who he is considering sending to the concentration camp next. Julian objects, worried that Ledue will rape her. Sissy tells him she’s not concerned by the possibility if it allows her to help people.
After dinner at Ledue’s new private hotel suite, Ledue sends Staubmeyer away and attempts to kiss Sissy, bragging that he’ll soon be a Commander. Sissy demurs, and tells Ledue that she thinks of him as her oldest friend, and asks him to protect Jessup. Sissy attempts to get Ledue to reveal details of who they’ll send to the concentration camps next, but he gets suspicious and begins to sexually assault her. Sissy makes an excuse to flee to the bathroom, where she tries and fails to make a rubbing or mold of Ledue’s keys. Quickly fleeing the hotel suite, Sissy runs into Julian in the hallway; Julian was preparing to kill Shad if he’d done anything to Sissy. Sissy reassures him that nothing happened and tells him that she didn’t get any information.
Sissy’s courage with Ledue gives Julian the impetus to join the Minute Men in order to pass information to Jessup’s cell. The two fake a breakup, and Julian also stages a public falling-out with the Jessup family. After joining the Minute Men, Julian meets Sissy every evening in a secluded grove to pass on information. The first time Sissy sees him in uniform, she panics, and begins to realize the enormity of the situation they are all in.
The chapter beings by describing the massive propaganda apparatus of the Corpo state, which by now includes: college presidents; former war correspondents; former governors; former union leaders; and former PR men from large companies. Corpo-run papers by this point print only Corpo propaganda and devote more and more space to comic strips. Under the direction of Macgoblin, Hollywood is heavily subsidized by the state and is forced to produce films that show the glory of the Minute Men and the Corpo state.
The folksy humor and pioneer independence that characterized the first year of Windrip’s regime have vanished, and America now resembles any other fascist state. Jessup realizes that all dictatorships share much in common: an environment of apprehension, denials of faith, random violent arrests, show trials, and the promise to make everyone richer (and then engaging in fraudulent accounting to show they had).
By this point, the size of the Army and the Minute Men has grown so large that it worries even loyal Corpos, and the regime finds itself struggling to pay for the swollen armed forces. Windrip forcibly increases production of goods via threats, then expropriates those goods and sells them cheaply overseas to raise revenue. As people have less and less to eat, the Corpos begin seizing seed grain from farmers, who can no longer grow more and are forced into starvation. Taxes are imposed on all recreational and leisure activities and between the taxes and the fear of spies, even young people no longer engage in leisure.
With Lorinda gone, Jessup finds himself losing his romanticized notion of revolution and envying those working from outside America. He also feels that their amateur spy work is futile in the face of the enormous Corpo propaganda machine. While he can no longer find a good reason to keep “seeking after righteousness in a world which so hated righteousness” (297), Jessup nonetheless continues his work.
In June 1938, Francis Tasbrough comes to speak to Jessup at his home. Tasbrough tells him that Col. Haik is taking over as Secretary of War, and is also replacing Sarason as High Marshall of the Minute Men. This has opened up a position for District Commissioner, which Tasbrough is being considered for. He asks Jessup to support him by claiming that Jessup was won over to Corpoism by Tasbrough. If Jessup goes along with this, Tasbrough promises to put Jessup back in charge at the Informer or give him any other position he likes. Jessup turns down the offer, which greatly offends Tasbrough.
This section, which covers the period from March to June 1938, largely focuses on the operations of Jessup’s New Underground cell and the erosion of his romanticized notions of revolution, while also depicting the worsening conditions in America under the Corpo regime.
Particularly, this section emphasizes the theme of inevitable resistance against totalitarianism and tyranny as well as the importance of a free press to maintain a liberal Democratic society. Instead of being cowed by the regime’s ever-increasing violence, Jessup still finds that many of his friends are willing to engage in dangerous revolutionary activity against the regime. The form of their resistance is also crucial: they do not engage in sabotage or assassinations, but rather gather and self-publish information that attempts to reveal the hidden crimes of the regime.
Another theme covered in this section is the inherent contradictions of totalitarian regimes. By this point in the narrative, economic conditions have continued to deteriorate and the regime’s economic mismanagement has only made things worse. The $5,000-per-year income has now become a distant promise, as even formerly middle-class professionals now begin to feel the economic consequences of the Windrip era. Through this, Lewis emphasizes that despite the grand claims of demagogues to restore prosperity and greatness, they can only make things worse. Furthermore, that when the carrot begins to lose its appeal, totalitarian regimes will turn to the stick to contain dissent.
This section also marks another turning point in Jessup’s character. At the start of the section, Jessup has finally found the passion that has been absent from his life since Windrip’s campaign began. He also views his revolutionary activities as romantic, which is fueled by his closer relationship with Lorinda Pike. However, his romanticized notion of spying and revolution is broken when Pike makes the decision to start a New Underground cell elsewhere as she knows that they will both continue to prioritize their relationship over their anti-regime work if they stay together. Her departure helps dissuade Jessup from his romanticized notion of revolution, and even though he can no longer think of a reason to continue, he does so nonetheless, emphasizing his new commitment to the cause.
By Sinclair Lewis