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47 pages 1 hour read

Jean Craighead George

Frightful's Mountain

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 1999

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Symbols & Motifs

Instinct

Jean Craighead George highlights Frightful’s conflict between her wild instincts and her bond with Sam throughout the novel. Instinct functions as a motif that supports the theme The Beauty and Wonder of Nature; animals know exactly what to do to survive. It also works with the theme of The Balance of Nature in that animals’ hunting instincts contribute to maintaining this balance.

As Frightful experiences life without Sam for the first time, she must reconnect with her falcon instincts to survive. She gradually learns to hunt, mate, and be a mother as her instincts strengthen, such as when her nesting instinct tells her to stay on the bridge and make it home. Springtime brings nesting and mating instincts that Frightful has never experienced before. However, when it comes to migrating, Frightful’s instincts are slower to arrive and are in competition with her need to find and stay with Sam. Whereas at first, this conflict keeps her from migrating, by the end of the novel her instinct wins, confirming that she is still wild despite being raised by a human.

George also shows the way instinct produces competition in nature. Because every animal follows instincts for hunting and survival, clashes between animals are inevitable. For example, a red-tailed hawk attacks Frightful at one point because it thinks her jesses are food. The hawk’s instinct to find food drives it to attack another bird. Another example is when a raccoon named Jessie Coon James climbs the pole to reach Oksi’s box only to be attacked by an owl. Both the raccoon and owl are acting on their survival instincts, and in this case, the predator quickly moves to the position of prey.

Conservationist Activism

Throughout the novel, George highlights issues endangering falcons and offers several examples of ways people can take action to protect falcons and birds of prey in general. Conservationist activism is a motif that supports the theme of The Capability of Young People.

One example of activism in the novel is writing letters to those in authority to inform them of situations that are endangering falcons. Thus, while Jon Wood writes to the utility company asking them to adjust utility pole wires in order to prevent electrocuting birds, the children of Delhi write to the New York governor informing him of Frightful’s nesting on the Delhi Bridge and asking him to postpone bridge repairs. The letter writing works in both situations to some extent, and George offers this as an example of a form of activism that virtually anyone can do.

The children of Delhi also organize a parade to raise awareness about Frightful on the Delhi Bridge, and this gets the community to pay attention to the situation. The children win over their parents and even succeed in getting several of the bridge repairmen on their side. This activism does not directly lead to a change for Frightful, but it shows the importance of educating people and spreading awareness. Jon and Susan Wood’s efforts to spread awareness about birds of prey by visiting schools with their birds could also be considered activism. Without their practice, many of Delhi’s children may not have been informed about or interested in birds of prey, and other instances of activism, such as the letters and parade, may not have occurred.

The novel also repeatedly mentions the pesticide DDT, such as when Drum’s mate’s eggs do not hatch because the shells are too thin and weak from the DDT in the food chain. By presenting this issue to readers, George encourages them to pursue conservationist activism, not only to protect peregrine falcons, but also to fight for any cause they care about.

The Connection Between Humans and Animals

Throughout the My Side of the Mountain series, George shows that companionship and communication between humans and animals is attainable. This connection is often presented as a marvel to be cherished, such as when Sam soothes the peregrine eyases in Chapter 15 and the onlooking officers are amazed; the motif thus indirectly highlights The Beauty and Wonder of Nature. Perhaps no other human-animal relationship shows this better than Sam’s relationship with Frightful. Sam learns from observing Frightful’s body language, and he is able to understand her calls. At various points in Frightful’s Mountain, he calms her, calls her, and “talks” to her by using bird calls she understands. The connection is not one-sided. Frightful has a hard time leaving Sam to migrate for the winter, and she constantly thinks of Sam and the mountain where she was raised. While animal instinct fuels their relationship, George also demonstrates how instinct can override it. For example, Frightful feels loyalty toward Sam because he raised her. She knows he will take care of her and feed her, so part of their connection is due to her survival instincts. Still, when Sam takes Oksi from Frightful, she is ready to attack him. As much as she trusts Sam and feels comfortable around him, her instinct to protect her young is stronger than her loyalty to Sam.

The connection between humans and animals also appears through other characters, such as Jon and Susan Wood, who care for and talk to their birds and share a special bond with them. Frightful can sense their trustworthiness, just as she can sense that Bate and Skri are not trustworthy. Perry Knowlton’s character, too, demonstrates connection with animals as he raises young falcons and releases them into the wild. In addition, Mole, the dog, develops a relationship with humans, even though poor treatment in the past has made him suspicious of them. With time and Sam’s ability to sense that Mole prefers freedom to a leash, Mole comes to feel at ease around Sam. Multiple characters and examples show that humans and animals have the capacity for connection and communication, a point that in turn contributes to the novel’s message that nature should be protected and preserved.

The Mountain

The mountain that Frightful and Sam inhabit is so symbolically central that it features in the title of all three novels in the series: My Side of the Mountain, The Far Side of the Mountain, and Frightful’s Mountain. While this geographical feature takes on slightly different significance in each case, all three novels still present some continuity in the mountain’s multifaceted symbolism. Western literature often treats mountains as symbols of nature’s power, and George adheres to this convention. Especially in the first novel, the mountain is depicted as a force of nature, representing the untamed and uncontrollable aspects of the natural world. It embodies the wildness and unpredictability of the environment, serving as a reminder of humanity's place in the larger scheme of things.

For George’s falcon protagonist, the mountain takes on more specific significance. Being so remote from the city, the mountain still symbolizes nature, but it also symbolizes home and safety. Frightful repeatedly thinks of “the one mountain among thousands of mountains, the one hemlock tree among millions of trees—and Sam” (9). The mountain therefore also symbolizes Frightful’s loving relationship with Sam.

The series upholds other traditional mountain symbolism, as mountains often represent an obstacle or challenge that the characters must overcome. In the first two novels, this challenge belongs to Sam, who lives on the mountain in his daunting quest for independence and solitude. In the third novel, the challenge belongs to Sam’s falcon friend, who likewise strives for independence—both from Sam himself and from her quasi-domesticated existence—as she reclaims her natural instincts. Mountains in literature often additionally represent personal growth and aspiration. This holds true for Frightful as well, and the novel’s title has a second, figurative meaning: Frightful’s metaphorical “mountain” encompasses her many trials and her journey toward maturity. Just as the first two novels trace Sam’s coming of age, Frightful’s Mountain presents a coming-of-age tale for its avian protagonist.

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