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66 pages 2 hours read

Leon Uris

Exodus

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1958

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Book 3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Book 3: “An Eye for an Eye”

Book 3, Chapter 1 Summary

The passengers of the Exodus disperse to various locations in Palestine. Most of the children are brought to Youth Aliyah centers, and Ari tells Kitty that he thinks she should go to work for the organization.

Ari and Kitty have dinner at a restaurant near Haifa, and Kitty is struck by the “normal” interruptions of life in Palestine—a checkpoint-style interrogation of restaurant patrons by the British army and the explosion of a nearby oil refinery from a Maccabee raid. Ari drives Kitty to Tel Aviv, where she witnesses the variety and vitality of Jewish life in Palestine, and then Ari goes to Haganah headquarters. While talking with Avidan, they remark on the stark challenges ahead of them, facing a major section of the British army.

Book 3, Chapter 2 Summary

Dov and Karen get situated in their new home, a Youth Aliyah kibbutz in northern Palestine. Karen loves it, but Dov appears sullen and skeptical. Meanwhile, Ari brings Kitty to Jerusalem, where she meets Harriet Saltzman, an elderly American Jew who is the driving force behind the Youth Aliyah movement. Harriet speculates about the possible attraction between Ari and Kitty, but Kitty tells her that she is merely there to help as a nurse and to stay close to Karen.

Later, while David Ben Ami gives Kitty a tour of Jerusalem, Ari meets his uncle Akiva at a Maccabee site. Akiva accuses the Haganah of turning in Maccabees to the British, but then cools off and enquires about his brother Barak, as the two are still estranged.

Book 3, Chapter 3 Summary

Kitty and Ari leave for Galilee, in the north of Palestine. They come to Yad El, the home moshav of the Ben Canaan family, where Kitty is welcomed by the residents. Amid the quiet speculation about her relationship to Ari, Kitty also meets Ari’s sister Jordana, who greets her brother enthusiastically but is skeptical about Kitty.

They then proceed to another set of meetings. Kitty goes to Gan Dafna, where many of her Exodus children had been placed. Ari goes to talk with his father Barak about Akiva, and with his old friend Taha about Jewish-Arab relations, and neither conversation goes well.

Book 3, Chapter 4 Summary

Kitty, working at the Gan Dafna camp under the beneficent Dr. Lieberman, flourishes in her new role. Though her culture is different from that of the Jews, her efficiency is widely admired, and as the months pass her relationship with Karen deepens. Only with Jordana does she not get along, as Ari’s younger sister bristles over their contrasting views of femininity and over Kitty’s attachment to Ari. This doubles Kitty’s resolve to exercise an influence over Karen’s life, and not have her become a “sabra” girl (as the native-born kibbutzniks are known).

Book 3, Chapter 5 Summary

Ari takes Kitty to a reunion meeting of a Palmach group on the heights of Mount Tabor, from where they can view much of the surrounding countryside. Ari points out the historical significance of the sights: “You see, Palestine is the bridge of history here and you are standing on the center of the bridge” (368). As other Palmachniks arrive, the scene grows busier. David, Jordana, Joab, and Zev are all there, along with many others, and they sing and dance as dusk falls. Some couples break off from the group—as do Jordana and David, who make love on a blanket—and as dawn breaks Kitty is struck by just how different this army is than any other she has seen.

Book 3, Chapter 6 Summary

Cecil Bradshaw, the British official working on Middle East policy, reads bleak summaries of the state of the Palestine Mandate. He writes to General Haven-Hurst, currently in charge of Palestine, for his recommendations, short of which the whole matter would have to be referred to the United Nations.

Meanwhile, Brigadier Sutherland, now retired from the British army, buys a piece of property in Galilee and settles down. His old friend Caldwell visits, partially to test his sympathies. Caldwell is shortly revealed to be an antisemite inclined to genocide, and he abandons a Jewish teenager in an Arab village, where he knows the boy will be murdered. When Haven-Hurst’s recommendations arrive at Bradshaw’s office, they fall along the lines of Caldwell’s sentiments: A recommendation of brutal violence against the Jews. Bradshaw declines to take the recommendation and submits the Palestine Mandate to a UN review.

Book 3, Chapter 7 Summary

It is now the spring of 1947, and Kitty’s work at Gan Dafna has been going well. She continues to deepen her relationship with Karen, and also forms a friendship with Sutherland, who lives nearby. Despite her closeness with Karen, she is occasionally dismayed to see the extent of the girl’s attachment to Palestine, as she hopes to adopt her and take her back to America at some point in the future. In the midst of those fears, Kitty receives word that Karen’s father, Johann Clement, has been found.

Book 3, Chapter 8 Summary

Sutherland drives Kitty and Karen to Tel Aviv, ostensibly for a shopping trip, as Karen does not yet know the news. After shopping and a visit to the ballet, they go to see Karen’s father. Kitty tries to warn Karen that her father is not well, having been driven into a state of depressive psychosis after the experience of losing his family and undergoing torture from the Gestapo. He is almost entirely unresponsive to Karen’s pleas to recognize her.

Book 3, Chapter 9 Summary

With the effective loss of Karen’s father, Dov Landau realizes that Kitty and himself are the only two remaining people as close as family to the girl. Believing that Karen would fare better with Kitty, he removes himself by sneaking out of Gan Dafna and going to join the Maccabees. Kitty appeals to Ari to find Dov and bring him back, but Ari thinks it would be pointless, as it was Dov’s decision and likely works out better for Karen and Kitty anyway. Amid their conversations, the first they’ve had in several months, Ari and Kitty reconnect, and they make plans to get away together to the Sea of Galilee.

Book 3, Chapter 10 Summary

After visiting a few Christian pilgrimage sites near the Sea of Galilee, Ari and Kitty stay at a hotel in Tiberias. They go for a swim, and in the evening cross over to the Ein Gev kibbutz to attend a Beethoven concert.

After their return, the romance of the evening has taken its effect, and Kitty and Ari move toward making love, but Kitty pulls away at the last moment. Unwilling to invest the time for Kitty to disentangle all her conflicted feelings, Ari simply withdraws and is gone from the hotel by the time she gets up the next day.

Book 3, Chapter 11 Summary

Dov contacts a Maccabee agent in Jerusalem and is led to the group’s secret headquarters. Realizing his potential value to the group, they induct him with an oath and he chooses the name of a historical Jewish hero—Giora—after which he becomes known as “Little Giora.” At the same time, the Maccabees exercise retribution on Major Fred Caldwell for the death of the young boy left in an Arab village. Even as the British are torturing another young Maccabee, a girl named Ayala, Caldwell is lured away, abducted, and executed.

Book 3, Chapter 12 Summary

News of Caldwell’s execution demonstrates to the British that they are losing control in Palestine, a feeling that is reinforced after the Maccabees launch 14 days of raids in answer for Ayala’s death under torture. In response, General Haven-Hurst tries to pull off a terrorist act of his own, blowing up the headquarters of the Zion Settlement agency and the Yishuv Central. This drives the Haganah and Maccabees into an alliance, and in their reprisals they are able to trace and execute Haven-Hurst as he attempts to slip out for a late-night extramarital affair.

While all of this is going on, Barak Ben Canaan and his fellow diplomats are working hard to prepare for the UN visit to Palestine.

Book 3, Chapter 13 Summary

Up in Gan Dafna, Kitty tries to tell Karen about her desire to adopt her and move together back to America. The news shocks Karen, but the girl understands Kitty’s homesickness. Kitty decides to show Karen a letter that has come from Dov, in which he (also hoping to get Karen out to safety) repudiates their relationship and encourages her to leave. At this, Karen agrees to go with Kitty.

Book 3, Chapter 14 Summary

Due to his fearlessness and his forging abilities, Dov quickly becomes a favorite of the Maccabee leaders. They shift their hideouts regularly, but one such hideout inadvertently places them near a British surveillance team. Dov and Akiva are captured, and the Maccabees believe the Haganah has betrayed them to the British.

The two captured Maccabees are condemned to be executed, but a global public outcry against the British forestalls the sentence, and the British try to get Dov and Akiva to sign an official plea for mercy. They refuse, and the British are forced to schedule a date for the hanging.

Book 3, Chapter 15 Summary

Karen goes to Sutherland to see if he can get her access to visit Dov, who is being held in Acre jail. The British consent to the request, still hoping someone can get through to Dov and save them from the bad press of hanging a teenager. When they meet, Dov tries to act tough and convince Karen that he’s moved on, but his true feelings are too hard to hide, and he breaks down into tears as she leaves.

Meanwhile, Barak and his delegation work with the UN team, and Barak takes some time in the tour to meet with his son Ari, asking him to find a way to save Akiva.

Book 3, Chapter 16 Summary

Ari contacts the Maccabee leaders, Ben Moshe and Nahum, and although they distrust him for his Haganah connections, they agree to listen to his advice on how to break out Dov and Akiva. When the day of the hanging arrives, Maccabee agents and sympathizers filter quietly into Acre. By sneaking into a bathhouse that adjoins the jail wall, they blow it open and release the prisoners.

Street-fighting defenses throughout the city stall the British response, and Dov and Akiva are whisked away in separate escape cars. Akiva is riding in Ari’s escape car, but in trying to get around a British force on the road, their car is sprayed with bullets and both men are hit. By the time they reach safety in a Druze village, Akiva has passed away.

Book 3, Chapter 17 Summary

Kitty is in Gan Dafna, preparing for her departure, when a Druze messenger asks her to come help Ari, whose wound has left him incapacitated. Upon reaching the Druze village, she examines Ari, who has a bullet impinging on a nerve in his leg, which means it must be taken out. Ari convinces her that she must do it, because any doctor sympathetic to the Jews would be closely watched by the British at that moment. Though she doesn’t feel qualified, Kitty performs the surgery successfully.

Book 3, Chapter 18 Summary

Ari remains in significant pain, and Kitty stays in the Druze village to nurse him back to health. She is frightened, however, by the emotional power of her response to him, even after she has decided to leave Palestine. They talk again about their relationship, but it is clear they have very different ideas about the way romantic relationships are supposed to work. Kitty’s evaluation of Ari is harsh but honest: “You’re a mechanical animal, too infested with the second coming of the Israelites to be a human being. You don’t know the meaning of giving love” (463).

Book 3, Chapter 19 Summary

Kitty meets with Sutherland in Haifa, discussing the likelihood of a coming war in which the Jewish forces would be significantly outnumbered and under-equipped. Nevertheless, both hold out hope that the courage of the Jews will prevail.

The UN review of Palestine comes back with its report, recommending a plan of partition that would give both the Jews and Arabs their own states. The Jews agree, despite receiving a less-than-ideal allotment, but the Arabs say that partition would mean war. Kitty, finally faced with having to leave Gan Dafna, realizes that she is still emotionally connected to the children there, and she decides to stay.

Book 3 Analysis

The literary structure of Book 3 contrasts with both Books 1 and 2, which featured long sections of historical flashbacks. Book 3 provides a straightforward narrative, picking up the story of the Exodus refugees after their arrival in Israel at the end of 1946, and then onward into 1947. This change in structure gives the impression that the central narrative arc—that of the Jewish settlers in Palestine in 1947 and ’48—will constitute the climax of the national story of modern Israel. If the novel presents itself as a national epic, building up from historical retrospectives to a “present” moment on the eve of Israeli independence, the structure presents the events of Book 3 as the run-up to the summit of that story.

Book 3 furthers the character arcs of several of the major characters, with Kitty receiving the most prominent attention as she wrestles with her motivations and desires regarding her work in Palestine. She continues to downplay her feelings for Ari, emphasizing instead her connection to Karen and her charitable work, even as it becomes evident that there is significant romantic tension between her and Ari. As an American and a relative outsider to the Jewish goals in Palestine, she represents the on-the-fence perspective of the outside world vis-à-vis the Jewish struggle for a homeland. She is sympathetic to it in a moral and emotional sense, particularly in view of the sufferings of children who came out of the Holocaust, but she wavers when it comes to taking a firm position of her own on the issue, preferring to maintain a pretense of neutrality. This is, in large part, the same attitude taken by the majority of the international community, and Kitty’s development in Book 3 roughly follows the events on the international stage, which progress from a broad sense of sympathy, albeit disconnected from practical action to a resolution by the end Book 3 to support the cause for a Jewish state.

Other characters also see some development in Book 3. Dov remains a moody and discontented character, but his affection for Karen is beginning to soften his perspective. Even his decision to leave Gan Dafna and write back to her, repudiating their relationship, shows this development—while it appears at face value to be a callous act, it is in fact an act of great self-sacrifice, as he is willing to give up the prospect of their love so that she would have a better chance at attaining a life of safety. For her part, Karen’s character is caught between a series of difficult choices, pulled in different directions by her attachments to her father, to Dov, and to Kitty.

The hope for a life with her father is taken away by his shattered condition, and a similar hope for a life with Dov is foreclosed by his decision to leave Gan Dafna, leaving only a choice between the dangers of Palestine or following Kitty to America. This parallels the place in which many Jews found themselves in the wake of World War II—driven from Europe and bereft of their family members and their fondest hopes, many Jews had to make the decision between Palestine and America. Karen shows a willingness to consider America, but the draw of Palestine on her heart, even in the absence of her father or Dov, still proves to be of immense weight.

Book 3 continues drawing out the major themes of the novel, with attention given once again to the themes of Resilience and Survival in the Face of Adversity (in this case, direct violence and repression from Arabs and British forces) and of The Struggle for a Homeland. This latter theme moves toward a resolution at the end of Book 3, as the UN panel recommends a partitioned state in Palestine: The prospect of an actual Jewish homeland, recognized in international law, comes into view.

The theme that rises to greatest prominence in Book 3, however, is that of The Moral Complexities of War and Political Struggle. As the Jewish community in Palestine wrestles with how best to interact with British oversight, difficult moral questions arise. Barak and Akiva’s disagreements about whether to use offensive violence in support of Jewish aims continue to dominate discussions in Palestine, even as a new generation of leaders rises to take their place. While Barak’s more peaceful approach is bearing fruit with his diplomacy at the UN, the course of events in Palestine—which include brutal violence from certain British officials—lend urgency to Akiva’s sense of mission, furthering the divide between the two.

Book 3 introduces a major symbol of the book, that of the sabra (See: Symbols & Motifs). The meaning of the symbol is illuminated in Kitty’s conversation with Harriet Saltzman, who explains to her that Ari—like all Jews raised in Palestine—bears a tough outer shell with regard to his emotions, but possesses an underlying goodness. This she compares to the sabra, the fruit-bearing prickly pear cactus, which is spiky and hard on the outside but bears sweetness within. Kitty sees this symbolic sabra nature of the Palestinian Jews as both an asset and a curse, giving them strength but keeping them from any kind of emotional life or cultural appreciation that would demonstrate softness and tenderness. The symbol underscores the role of Palestinian Jews as “the other” (when considered from Kitty’s viewpoint), a people regarded by outsiders as being worthy of admiration but not of imitation.

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