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84 pages 2 hours read

Avi

Crispin: The Cross of Lead

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2002

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Chapters 1-15Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary

Content Warning: This section discusses suicidal ideation as well as death in violent combat.

An epigraph includes the contradictory observations that “in the midst of life comes death” and “in the midst of death comes life” (1).

In 1377 England, a 13-year-old peasant boy named Crispin, who is the first-person narrator, lives in Stromford, a small village. The day after his mother Asta dies, Crispin helps the priest, Father Quinel, bury her in the cemetery as rain falls. For reasons he doesn’t understand, Crispin and his mother were social outcasts in the village. Crispin doesn’t even know his real name; the other villagers refer to him simply as “Asta’s son.”

After the burial, John Aycliffe, the cruel steward who rules the village while Lord Furnival is abroad, announces that Crispin must donate his ox as a death tax. When Crispin points out that he won’t be able to work without the ox, Aycliffe replies, “Then starve” (4). Father Quinel tries to comfort Crispin, but he runs into the nearby forest, filled with despair. He trips, hitting his head, and falls unconscious.

Chapter 2 Summary

During the night, Crispin awakens after hearing a sound. Seeing a light nearby, Crispin creeps towards it. He sees Aycliffe holding a torch and talking to Sir Richard du Brey, whom Crispin does not recognize, in a clearing. Du Brey shows a document to Aycliffe, and Crispin hears them discuss some issue or threat that requires Aycliffe to act immediately.

 

Spotting Crispin, Aycliffe draws his sword and moves to attack him; Crispin narrowly escapes and runs further into the forest. After Crispin tumbles over a small cliff, Aycliffe loses track of him. Lying there during the rest of the night, Crispin feels that God is punishing him for his sins.

Chapter 3 Summary

Crispin reviews his life so far. As far as Crispin knows, his father died of the bubonic plague before Crispin was born. Throughout his childhood, Crispin’s peers teased him, and he came to feel that he must be exceptionally sinful. During confessional sessions, Father Quinel counselled him to accept his role as a servant of Lord Furnival, who left for war so long ago that Crispin never saw him. Every day, Crispin and his mother worked together in the fields, or else tended to their animals during the winter. Their wages were barely enough to survive, and their lives continued much the same way until Asta died.

Chapter 4 Summary

After his night in the forest, Crispin wakes to the sound of the church bell. After offering a prayer, he decides to return home. As he approaches the cottage where he lived with Asta, Crispin sees two officials search the house then demolish and burn it.

Crispin returns to the woods and makes his way to a high rock overlooking the village, including Lord Furnival’s manor house, a mill, the church, the villagers’ houses, and farmland. Crispin reflects that Lord Furnival offers the villagers military protection and religious hope in exchange for their work.

Chapter 5 Summary

Crispin watches as Aycliffe and du Brey ring the church bells to announce an emergency meeting. After the people assemble, Aycliffe, the du Brey, and Father Quinel address them in turn. Then the congregation enters the church, and the bells ring as if for Mass. Crispin hesitates and prays for guidance.

Chapter 6 Summary

After a while, the meeting ends, and the people disperse. Seeing Aycliffe and the other officials armed with weapons, Crispin concludes that they are hunting him; he will visit the priest that night.

Chapter 7 Summary

Crispin hides the rest of the day. Once, a pair of men from the village pass near the tree where he is hiding, and he hears them discuss the charges against Crispin: Aycliffe accused Crispin of stealing money from the manor house. The two men complain about Aycliffe’s heavy taxation and strict punishments.

Crispin waits until late that night to sneak into the village.

Chapter 8 Summary

Crispin visits Father Quinel at his home attached to the church. After Crispin says that he did not steal from Aycliffe, the priest welcomes him into the church and feeds him. When Crispin explains what he saw and heard in the forest in Chapter 2, Father Quinel tells him that du Brey brought news that Lord Furnival has returned from war, but he is ill and will die soon. He adds that Aycliffe has declared Crispin to be a “wolf’s head,” or a person who is condemned to be killed on sight. Father Quinel reveals that Crispin, who was known only as “Asta’s son” up to this point, was named Crispin when he was baptized, but Asta begged the priest to keep it a secret.

At the priest’s urging, Crispin plans to run away from Stromford. Father Quinel suggests that Crispin hide in the forest for one more day then meet him at Goodwife Peregrine’s house the next night, so he can give him supplies for his journey. Before Crispin leaves, Father Quinel gives him Asta’s lead cross. Crispin, who cannot read, is surprised to learn that his mother could read and write and that the words written on the cross are hers. Crispin returns to the forest, wondering at everything he learned.

Chapter 9 Summary

Crispin spends the next day foraging in the woods and praying. After dark, he returns to the village. Near the church, a boy named Cerdic tells Crispin that Father Quinel is unable to meet him and invites Crispin to follow him out of the city. Rejecting his invitation, Crispin proceeds to Goodwife Peregrine’s house, and Cerdic follows him. Goodwife Peregrine, an elderly woman known for her magic and her service as a midwife, feeds Crispin and gives him some supplies. She advises him to travel south.

Chapter 10 Summary

Crispin goes to the church, but Father Quinel is not there. Cerdic convinces Crispin to go west. They pass near the manor house and the mill. As they near the boundary of the village, armed men appear and surround Crispin, who realizes that Cerdic led him into a trap.

Chapter 11 Summary

Crispin hears Aycliffe command the men to kill him. He runs around the mill and finds himself in the ditch that carries water to turn the mill. As the men search for him, Crispin moves upstream toward the river, but when he sees guards at the crossing, he runs back toward Stromford and heads south. At the south boundary of the village, Crispin finds Father Quinel lying dead on the ground, his throat cut. Horrified, Crispin flees.

Chapter 12 Summary

As Crispin follows the muddy path that leads south of Stromford, he reasons that Father Quinel’s death must have something to do with him. He soon realizes that he left the bag of food from Goodwife Peregrine behind. Exhausted, he falls to the ground in a wooded area but struggles to sleep until he offers a prayer to Saint Giles.

Chapter 13 Summary

The next morning, Crispin awakens to see Aycliffe, du Brey, and the bailiff pass on the nearby road. Unsure what to do, Crispin spends the next two days wandering in the woods near the road and scavenging for food. When Crispin sees the bailiff heading back to Stromford alone, he wonders where Aycliffe is. Later, Crispin offers a desperate prayer asking God to end his life and take him to heaven.

Chapter 14 Summary

On the third morning since leaving Stromford, Crispin wakes to a cover of mist. Arriving at a crossroads, he is shocked to see a dead man hanging from a gallows. Terrified, Crispin wonders if the sight is a sign from God. As he reflects, Crispin finds his will to live restored. He decides to follow the sun westward.

Chapter 15 Summary

As Crispin walks, the mist vanishes. He passes empty fields and wonders why there are no people around. During the afternoon of the next day, Crispin arrives in an abandoned village, where the buildings ae falling into ruin. Crispin realizes that the inhabitants of the village must have died of the plague a few years prior. Remembering Father Quinel’s teachings, Crispin thinks of the plague as a punishment from God. Searching for food, Crispin enters a cottage, where he encounters a decaying corpse. In horror, Crispin decides to leave the village, but as he passes the church, he hears a voice singing these words: “Ah, dear God, how can this be / That all things wear and waste away!” (60).

Chapters 1-15 Analysis

In terms of plot, these chapters establish the starting point of Crispin’s journey and introduce the conflicts that will develop throughout the story. The death of Crispin’s mother indicates the end of his childhood, setting the stage for a coming-of-age narrative. Her death ironically saves Crispin’s life since his flight into the woods after her death allows him to evade capture by Aycliffe. This serves as an example of the opening observation that “in the midst of death comes life” (1), a motif that recurs throughout the text. From there, Crispin continues to lose access to the people and places that once brought stability to his life, including his home, Father Quinel, and Stromford itself, highlighting on a personal level The Instability of English Feudalism. Crispin's discovery that he has a name other than “Asta’s son” marks the beginning of his quest to find not only safety but identity. Meanwhile, Aycliffe’s mysterious meeting in the woods and his subsequent pursuit of Crispin raise questions about Crispin’s identity and his place in the world, showing that this is a period of turmoil and confusion for him.

As antagonist, Aycliffe embodies the violence that upheld England’s feudal system of forced labor. From Crispin’s reaction to Aycliffe’s actions, it is clear that Crispin lives in fear, not respect, of the steward. Crispin’s views of the steward are far from unique, as the conversation Crispin overhears in Chapter 7 reveals.

Crispin’s first-person narration enriches his characterization, revealing the thought processes that guide his choices. For instance, when facing adversity, Crispin is quick to assume that God is punishing him for his wickedness. Similarly, as a child from a poor background, Crispin is typically submissive before authority, as when he decides to return home and accept any punishment Aycliffe may see fit (until he sees the officials burning his mother’s house and realizes that the situation is worse than he feared). When it becomes clear that the authorities have turned against him, Crispin makes little or no direct resistance. Instead, he simply runs away, showing his passive and evasive approach to facing opposition.

Once outside the village, Crispin finds himself unprepared to cope with the challenges of survival in the wilderness. The mist that appears at this point mirrors his internal struggles to perceive and make sense of the world around him. Ironically, it is the terrifying vision of the man on the gallows that inspires Crispin with a will to live, once again illustrating the statement, “in the midst of death comes life” (1). Additionally, the gallows are located as a crossroads, suggesting this is another important turning point for Crispin. His decision to move westward toward the sun and out of the mist indicates his renewed perspective and sense of purpose, if only to survive.

These chapters also establish stylistic decisions that continue throughout the novel. Particularly notable is the way Avi’s tone and diction serve to create a sense of historical distance. Although the text is not an authentic account of the Middle English spoken in the 1300s, which would be unintelligible to modern readers, Avi gives the language an archaic feel by using formal language and avoiding overtly modern language. For instance, Crispin asks Father Quinel, “Why do they taunt me so?” (11), referring to the other boys in the village, instead of using a more typical formulation, such as “Why do they make fun of me?” The formal register of the language creates a suitable sense of historical distance.

This section concludes with another example of how life is intertwined with death. As Crispin wanders through the town that was abandoned following an outbreak of the plague, he finds himself surrounded by decaying buildings and even stumbles across a dead body. In the middle of such desolation, he hears a robust voice singing, which is a sign of life. The topic of the song, however, is the way that all things break down eventually, demonstrating the way that life and death are inseparable.

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