Brunelleschi's Dome: How a Renaissance Genius Reinvented Architecture

Vaulting refers to the architectural technique of constructing arched forms to create a ceiling or roof structure. Vaulting distributes weight and creates large, open interior spaces, often with intricate ribbed or groin patterns. This technique was essential in cathedral design, allowing for taller, more spacious interiors while supporting the building’s heavy stone walls. Brunelleschi sought to create a system of vaulting without the buttresses and traditional methods employed by Gothic architects.

The Italian word duomo refers to a cathedral or major church, often characterized by a large, central dome. Originating from the Latin word domus (house), duomo signifies the primary church of a city, traditionally the seat of a bishop. Famous examples include the Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore) and the Milan Cathedral. That the term means dome is a common misconception.

In Renaissance architecture and cathedral design, centering refers to the temporary wooden framework or scaffolding used to support arches, domes, or vaults while they are being constructed. This structure holds the masonry in place until the final keystone or central element is set, allowing the arch or vault to become self-supporting. Centering was essential in building complex, large-scale vaulted ceilings and domes typical of Renaissance cathedrals. Notably, however, Brunelleschi promised to build his dome without centering. This stricture required the development of innovative building techniques and new technologies.

The Opera del Duomo was the organization or administrative body responsible for the construction, maintenance, and artistic oversight of a cathedral, particularly its duomo, or main church. These bodies managed funding, hired artists and architects, and coordinated building projects. Notable examples include the Opera del Duomo of Florence, which oversaw the creation of Florence Cathedral’s iconic dome by Brunelleschi. It was largely administered by the Wool Guild, one of the city’s most profitable and important guilds.