58 pages • 1 hour read
V.V. GaneshananthanA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of graphic violence and death.
Sashi receives a reply from Appa, also written in code, about her brothers’ visit to India. He clearly disapproves, but he does not want Sashi to feel responsible.
The family receives a notification from the army that all mothers must bring their sons to checkpoints; they are seeking militants, especially those who have returned from training in India. Amma reluctantly takes Aran to the checkpoint—he is the only son left at home—and the Sinhalese army takes him, without cause and without warning. In fact, they take every boy from their particular village, 360 in all.
Sashi and Amma mobilize: Appa is gone, so they must take action on their own. They join a group called the Mother’s Front. It is run, in part, by Anjali Premachandran’s mother. She has not lost a son, but she works in solidarity with those who have. The group schedules a large rally to march on the local government offices. Thousands of mothers and sisters show up to reclaim their lost sons and brothers.
When they arrive at the offices, the gates are locked, but the women convince the guards to unlock them; they promise that only a few representative leaders will go inside to talk to the officials. However, when the gates are unlocked, the women charge inside, and they demand that their sons be released. The official calls the minister, and the sons are released within a day. Sashi and Amma are reunited with Aran, who remains calm and steady as he walks toward them.
Aran will not speak of what happened to him in detention, and eventually, Sashi stops trying to elicit information from him. Appa finally comes home two weeks later: The women are furious with him for his absence. First, he told them simply to wait, saying that the government might act fairly in the end—a position that Sashi finds irresponsibly naïve. Second, he did not immediately come home to help recover his missing son. Sashi understands that Appa is also thinking that if Dayalan and Seelan were home, then they would have been taken, as well. She wonders whether, if there was no militant movement, any boys would have been taken at all.
Sashi begins to reconsider what Dayalan and Seelan have done by joining the movement. Perhaps they are not wrong, after all. She yearns to feel a commitment to something bigger than herself and her own family. As she is thinking about this, Dayalan and Seelan return home without warning. They wait to be allowed inside, as if they are guests.
Amma embraces them and feeds them while peppering them with questions. They say very little, only that K has risen through the ranks and become quite integral to the movement. Sashi is shocked, and Aran is angry that the brothers will not tell them more. After they finish eating, they insist that they must leave. Sashi follows Dayalan out; she wants to know when he will return and whether he will finally go back to university. He says that life is gone for him now. He tells her to wait, implying that the situation will get better. However, Sashi is tired of waiting, though she does not yet know what to do.
The Tigers start visiting Tamil houses, asking for money to support the insurgency. Since Dayalan and Seelan are already in the movement, Sashi’s family is spared the requests. However, their neighbor, Saras Aunty, is asked to make meals for 60 or more men each week. Sashi and Amma help her, and Sashi silently begs her brothers to come home.
In October 1984, Indira Gandhi, the prime minister of India, is assassinated. While Sashi does not fully approve of her policies, she knows of the leader’s outspoken comments about the Sri Lankan government’s violence against the Tamils. Many Tamils believe that she would have eventually intervened.
Meanwhile, the violence in Sri Lanka escalates between all groups involved, and the politicians engage in unrealistic negotiations. None of the groups are entirely honest with the civilian population. Stories begin circulating about unprovoked government violence and mass killings against Tamils, whether they are with the movement or not. This garners sympathy for the movement. After Indira Gandhi’s death, the militants detonate bombs throughout Jaffna, and there are retaliations against the Tamils. One of the government ministers urges all Tamils to leave the country; this way, the government will know that they do not support the Tigers. Bicycles are now outlawed for all Tamils since the militants use them.
Aran is taken into custody again after a particularly deadly attack against Sinhalese settlers. Again, when he returns home, he refuses to talk about his broken arm. Sashi worries about him and everyone in her family, and she sinks into despair. A few months later, K shows up at her house unannounced to tell her that Sir, her beloved teacher, has been killed. When Sashi questions him, he admits that the militants are responsible: Sir wanted to organize a cricket match between his pupils and the army’s team. The militants construed this as the actions of a traitor. Sashi is saddened by Sir’s death, frightened by the movement, and furious with K. She asks K to leave.
When Sashi turns 20, she is finally offered a place in the medical school. She misses Sir most acutely when she hears the news. She begins her training and is immediately enthralled by Anjali Premachandran. The only female professor, Anjali is intelligent and outspoken; she is intimidating but also warm. She treats her students as equals and invites them to call her “Acca” (“big sister”). Sashi notes that Anjali is also interested in art and culture in addition to medicine and that she is an avowed Marxist. She marries another professor, Varathan, who teaches geography.
In Anjali Acca’s anatomy class, Sashi is paired with Josie; they work on their cadaver together. Josie is rumored to be the girlfriend of a prominent Tiger, so Sashi (and the other students) are careful around her. During this time, peace talks between the militants and the Sri Lankan government collapse; the Sri Lankan government will not accept the idea of Tamil self-rule. Following this, the violence escalates once again.
In order to take her mind off these matters, Sashi decides to join some student organizations, the general Student Union and the medical offshoot. She finds that the medical students are more nationalist—that is, more vocally supportive of Tamil independence and, thus, of the movement. At these meetings, Sashi often hears overt criticism of Anjali.
Later that semester, Anjali approaches Sashi to ask which village she comes from. Sashi is nervous about her answer, knowing that Anjali had once taught K. She worries that Anjali will implicate her in K’s actions if she admits knowing him. She finds, however, that Anjali does not know that K has become a prominent member of the militant movement; Anjali is saddened by the news when Sashi tells her, thinking that she herself must have failed him somehow. Anjali then admits that she, too, was once part of the movement; however, she left. She tries to comfort Sashi, suggesting that such a departure is possible, both for K and her brothers.
Sashi is also bothered by the lack of acknowledgment for Sir’s death. Nobody at the university will speak of him or how he was killed. Anjali urges Sashi to write down her experiences, saying that this might help her clarify all that has happened to her. Sashi considers this but does not yet begin.
One Saturday, Sashi is studying in the laboratory where the cadavers are kept when she hears knocking at the door. It is K, and he has brought a comrade with him. The man, Niroshan, has been shot in the abdomen. He begs Sashi to help him; K cannot take Niroshan to the general hospital. Against her own misgivings, Sashi cleans and binds the wound. She is committed to becoming a doctor, and doctors help anyone who needs it, regardless of their affiliations. Afterward, K urges Sashi to leave the country.
A few months later, Sashi goes home for a visit. She is surprised to see that Dayalan, Seelan, and K are there, as well. She is happy to see them—any confirmation that they are safe is welcome. K has come to ask her to volunteer at the field hospital. Her assistance with Niroshan has proved her abilities. He admits that her brothers are against the idea, but Sashi agrees to help. She is tired of waiting and is ready to act.
These chapters develop the theme of Civil War and Internecine Violence, showing how Sashi’s life and those of her family members are increasingly disrupted by the civil war. As the war gathers strength, it is no longer confined to singular disturbances and retaliations but becomes a constant background to daily life. Sashi observes, “The conflict will collect around you gradually, the way carrion birds assemble around the vulnerable, until there are so many predators that the object of their hunger is not even visible” (107). Through this simile, she expresses the growing claustrophobia and fear experienced by the general population who are vulnerable to the violence that surrounds them; she also exposes the relative insignificance of who the predators are and who they seek to prey on. In the fog of war, the difference between prey and predator is often obscured, and the distinction between insurgent and civilian is often ignored. Ultimately, it does not matter if a person is killed by the Sri Lankan government, the Marxist separatists, or the Tamil militants—they simply become one of the many dead.
Sashi focuses on the toll that the violence and fear take on Aran, who is 17 and considered old enough to join a faction, though he is not yet an adult. The government takes him into custody more than once and inflicts punishment on him that he refuses to speak about after he is released—he remains carefully guarded, both physically and emotionally. As Sashi watches him walk toward her after his first release, she notices that “his face [is] clear and almost completely neutral” (123). She later understands that this is because Aran “was out of the soldiers’ grasp but still within their sight, and although he had been forced to give them his time and his freedom, he refused to give them his feelings” (123). Even though he has managed to avoid becoming directly entangled in the war, he is still directly impacted by its psychological violence. As Sashi observes the toll that the war takes on her youngest brother, she understands—though she never condones—her older brothers’ decision to join the Tamil militants and fight for justice, highlighting the theme of The Human Side of Terrorism.
When Dayalan and Seelan briefly return home, only Amma feels unadulterated joy. Sashi is concerned for them and wary about their motivations, while Aran is openly hostile at their intrusion. Sashi acknowledges, “My family had torn down the middle like an old newspaper” (127). The siblings are unable to speak openly to each other, and Sashi resents that they hold their allegiance to the movement in greater esteem than their loyalty to their family. Later, she understands that this was not merely her own personal struggle; this break in loyalty was a morally significant struggle that militants and their families faced during the civil war.
It is also during Part 2 when Sashi begins to assume her own agency. Previously, she made decisions based on her relationship with her brothers, her parents, and the expectations of her culture. However, the war has exhausted her, worn down her obedience, and disrupted her allegiances. When Anjali Acca urges her to write her story down, Sashi considers this but does not yet start; she believes that she must take action before she can take account. Nevertheless, this invitation to write her own story is a way for her to begin Reclaiming Authority by Preserving History and her own experiences. By the end of Part 2, Sashi implicitly joins the movement by agreeing to work at the field hospital. She justifies this by expressing her altruistic intentions, saying, “I think everyone deserves medicine” (162). Sashi awakens to the fact that nobody can sidestep the war and she “want[s] to act” (164). She remains vigilant and self-critical of her intentions, hoping that she “want[s] it for the right reasons” (164). This underlying doubt pervades her thoughts and preserves her independence and conscience in the violence that surrounds her.
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