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102 pages 3 hours read

José Saramago

Blindness

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1995

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Chapters 14-17Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 14 Summary

In this chapter, the group starts to move around the city, and in doing so, readers get a better idea of what life outside of the asylum is like. As the group heads out onto the street, and the old man asks the doctor’s wife about the state of the world. She replies, “There’s no difference between inside and outside, between here and there” (242), meaning that life is as dismal in the town as it was in the asylum.

Before leaving the asylum, the group had decided to check each person’s home for supplies and lost family members. The closest one belongs to the girl, so they slowly make their way to her building. Most of the group waits on the street while the girl and doctor’s wife head to her flat. They unlock the door to find it empty, and the girl breaks into sobs because her parents are not there. The two head back downstairs to speak with the building’s only other occupant—an emaciated old woman. The girl asks about her parents, but the old woman says they were hauled away long ago. The doctor’s wife then asks the old woman how she has survived so long by herself. The old woman is initially cagey, but she finally admits that she has been living off of cabbages, vegetables, hens, and rabbits from her garden—all of which she has been eating raw. The two women promise to bring the old woman some food once they get settled, and they do.

Everyone decides to stay the night in the girl’s flat. They settle in to eat dinner, then talk about the group’s next steps. They unanimously decide they need a leader, and they appoint the doctor’s wife. As such, she suggests they go to her house because it can accommodate more people. The girl says she would rather stay put to wait for her parents, but the doctor’s wife gently tells her they are unlikely to come back. They then get into a philosophical discussion about whether there “exists a direct relationship between the eyes and feelings” (253), with the doctor’s wife insisting that real feelings come from being able to see. By the end of the conversation, the girl finally agrees to accompany the group on the condition that they return to her flat once a week to check for her parents, and the group goes to sleep.

The next morning the group packs up to leave, and they deliver another round of food to the old woman. The old woman, despite being suspicious of the group’s arrival, cries as they leave as she is again plunged into a solitary existence. The walk to the doctor’s flat gives readers a chance to see more of the apocalyptic world through the doctor’s wife’s eyes. Blind people stumble along the filthy, excrement-covered streets in small groups, driven only by the need for food. Buildings have been ransacked, and empty cars litter the street. Packs of feral dogs and cats roam around, and the doctor’s wife witnesses dogs devouring a man’s dead body, which makes her vomit. (She does not share the gory details with her group and instead insists she ate bad food). The doctor’s wife observes that what she witnesses “is what is really meant by chaos” and everyone is “going back to being primitive hordes” (255-56).

In order to keep the everyone together, the doctor’s wife ties a rope she made from knotted cloth around each group member’s waist. They move along like that as they approach the doctor’s street. The doctor’s wife had thought things might be better in her neighborhood, but when they turn down her road, it is just more of the same chaos. The doctor’s wife leads her exhausted coterie up five flights of stairs to her flat to find the door tampered with securely closed. The chapter concludes with the doctor’s wife helping her husband unlock the door.

Chapter 15 Summary

Miraculously, the apartment is clean except for a thin layer of dust. The group removes their shoes to prevent tracking filth through their new home, and they move into the living room reverently. The doctor’s wife asks everyone to take off their clothes as well, then moves the filthy clothing to the balcony. She returns inside and finds an oil lamp, which she uses to find for clothing for everyone because “it is better to have clean clothes on a dirty body, than to have dirty clothes on a clean body” (274).

Once everyone gets settled, the doctor’s wife declares they must “decide how [they] are all going to live” together. She sets some ground rules which include teaching everyone how to find their way home in case she goes blind. She also sets up a privy bucket on the balcony and tells everyone to keep the place clean, then reminds people to act in accordance to “what is right and wrong” (276) without providing further details. With that, she sets out their meager rations, which are so scant that the dog does not beg for a bite. When the boy says he is thirsty, the doctor reminds her they have bottled water. She breaks out her finest crystal to serve everyone equal portions, and when the old man and girl set down their cups, they are crying.

In the early hours of the morning the woman awakes to the sound of a heavy downpour. She rushes to set pots and bowls outside to catch rainwater, then starts washing clothes. Somehow the girl and the first blind man’s wife find their way to the door, and they offer to help. They strip down and work together to clean the laundry, then wash each other. The old man is awoken by their laughter, which prompts him to silently observe that “there was still life in this world” (283). Once the women come in, he asks to take a bath in the bathtub. They fill the tub with a little water, and he washes himself and his eyepatch. In the middle of his bath, someone silently comes in and scrubs his back. He suspects it is the doctor’s wife, because she is the one who has “cared for us” (285), but has no proof.

The doctor’s wife knows they must find food, and the first blind man and his wife volunteer to help. They also ask to visit their old apartment, which they do after they scavenge enough supplies to fill their bags. With that finished, they make their way to the apartment though the blind man forgets his own address. They find the flat occupied by a blind writer and his family. The two groups swap stories for a moment—the doctor’s wife says they have fled quarantine, while the writer and his family have survived on the outside—and then discuss living arrangements. Ultimately, they all decide to maintain the status quo: The writer can continue to live in the first blind man’s house, while he and his wife will stay in the doctor’s flat.

The writer then tells them he is recording the story of the epidemic. When the doctor’s wife asks how he can write, he brings her 20 neat pages with occasional overlapping lines. He explains that he writes with a ballpoint pen which leaves indentions in the surface. By dragging his finger along the text, he knows where to place the next row. The doctor’s wife points out the overlapping lines, which then leads her to confess that she can see. The writer jumps on this and begins asking her questions, to which she replies that she has not been cured but instead never went blind in the first place.

The chapter concludes with the group heading back to the doctor’s flat to share what happened with everyone else, and later the doctor’s wife reads everyone a few pages from a book.

Chapter 16 Summary

Two days later, the doctor asks if he can visit his surgery office to check if it is still intact. The girl asks to visit her apartment to see if her parents are there, and the doctor’s wife agrees. On the way, the doctor says he worries about the increasing heat given how many dead bodies, rotten food, and waste litter the streets. He says the blind need to establish social organization, otherwise they will die because of the complications caused by their blindness.

They make it to the surgery office and find it ransacked, most likely by the Ministry when they came to seize the doctor’s files. As the girl walks though the office, she remarks that “the dream continues,” meaning that their new lives post-epidemic seem like something they will wake up from and find nothing more than a flight of imagination (296). The doctor then quietly laments his lack of sight and reiterates that society is running out of time: “[P]utrescence is spreading, diseases find the doors open, water is running out, food has become poison” (298).

After wrapping up at the surgery, the trio make their way to the girl’s apartment. They pass a mass of blind people on a corner who take turns speaking of the end of the world like doomsday preachers. The doctor’s wife remarks, “Here nobody is speaking of organization” (298), and the doctor responds that perhaps that conversation is happening elsewhere. As they approach the girl’s building, they see the corpse of the old woman collapsed across the building’s main entrance. Animals have partially eaten her, but she clutches the keys to the girl’s apartment in one hand. The girl suspects the old woman, suspecting someone in their group had sight, wanted to make sure the girl could find her keys.

They agree that they cannot leave the old woman there, so they carry her body to the back garden. The doctor’s wife wraps the woman’s body in a dirty sheet and buries her, then plants a rose bush on top of the grave. The noise of the shovel brings the blind out onto their balconies, and when the doctor’s wife is finished, she yells out, “She will rise again” (302). The doctor asks her why she did so, joking that she will be preaching on the square soon. Before they leave, the doctor’s wife does two things. First, she lets the old woman’s animals out of their cages so they can survive. Second, she cuts a lock of the girl’s hair and ties it around her apartment’s doorknob. That way if her parents return, they will have a sign that their daughter still lives.

That night after they return home, the doctor’s wife reads to everyone once again. The girl and the old man get into a conversation about maintaining hope. The conversation becomes argumentative—the old man dodges the girl’s questions about what keeps him hopeful until he finally confesses that one of his hopes is that they stay blind so they can continue living together. When the girl presses him, he tells her he wishes that “because the man I still am loves the woman you are” (307), and that if their sight returns, she will leave. The girl tells him she wants to live with him, too, and they become a couple. The old man realizes it was the girl—not the doctor’s wife—who washed his back the other morning in an act of “purifying” care.

Chapter 17 Summary

The next day, the doctor’s wife tells her husband they are nearly out of food. She plans to go back to the supermarket she went to when they first came into town to check the basement again. She initially wants to go alone, but the doctor insists on accompanying her, asking, “How long will you be able to carry the weight of six helpless people” (308). She confesses that she is tired, though she plans to continue caring for everyone as long as possible. The two leave the apartment shortly thereafter, trailed by the dog of tears.

When they near the supermarket, the wife suspects something is amiss because no one is entering or exiting the building. They cautiously enter the market and are immediately struck by a smell so terrible that even the dog’s hackles rise. The doctor’s wife leaves her husband to check the basement stairwell where she finds true horror. A pile of rotting corpses is piled in the staircase where the blind rushed the basement, fell down the steps, and were trampled. Those who did make it to the bottom found their exit blocked and died trapped below.

The smell of bodies—and the horror of the situation—causes the woman to vomit violently. Her husband hears her and rushes toward her, then leads her out onto the street as best he can. The experience leaves the woman faint, and they make it to a church to rest. The building is packed with people. The dog of tears barks to clear a space on the floor, where the woman collapses in a faint. Her husband checks her pulse, then moves her into a better position. The woman recovers in a few minutes, and when she opens her eyes, she realizes all the statues have white bandages wrapped around their eyes. Even the paintings have streaks of white paint covering the subjects’ eyes.

She shares this with her husband, but a nearby blind person overhears. The doctor’s wife suspects the priest did it—maybe out of solidarity with the blind, perhaps because “ultimately, God did not deserve to see” (318). The blind man says he knew the priest, who would never do such a thing. The news spreads through the crowd like wildfire, and people start to panic and charge the door. The doctor and his wife wait out the stampede, then collect the supplies that are left behind.

They return to the doctor’s flat, and talk then turns to the dwindling supplies. The doctor’s wife fears there is little left to scavenge, and they start talking about relocating to the country where there may be livestock and fresh vegetables. With this on their minds, the woman reads to them a little more before they go to sleep. As the first blind man lays there with his eyes closed, the brilliant whiteness suddenly goes black: “I’m blind” (322), he cries out to his wife. When he opens his eyes, however, the man realizes he can see again as perfectly as he did before his sight vanished.

Excitement erupts as the doctor hypothesizes that the blindness is running its course. A little while later the girl’s vision returns, which confirms his suspicions. The doctor’s wife collapses into sobs “because all her mental resistance had suddenly drained away” (323). The trauma of the ordeal and her exhaustion hit her all at once, and the girl comforts her. The next morning the group has a celebratory banquet as they hear joyful exclamations from the people around town. Just as they exclaimed “I am blind,” so now they yell out “I can see” (326). The doctor sits beside his wife and tells her the old man will still be blind because of the cataract in his good eye, but he will fix it in a few weeks when the chaos settles down.

The excitement spreads around town, and the doctor’s wife walks out onto the balcony to look over the city. She glimpses up at the sky and for a terrifying second her vision goes white: “It is my turn,” she thinks, but when she looks down the “city is still there” (326)

Chapters 14-17 Analysis

The concluding section of Blindness reiterates that the true villain of the novel is not the “white sickness” that renders people blind, but humanity itself. Initially, readers assume that the situation within the asylum is a fluke situation caused by a mixture of incarceration and mistreatment. Once the group moves out into the town, it becomes clear that the outside world is no different than quarantine. The streets are littered with debris and refuse, and the blind wander in small groups in search of supplies. They have established a loose order around building occupancy in that there is a system of squatters rights, but there is no organization or government. Violence breaks out over every scrap of food, which is just another point in a litany of problems: “[P]utrescence is spreading, diseases find the doors open, water is running out, [and] food has become poison” (298). This suggests Saramago’s belief that the atavistic core of human nature is ubiquitous. That is to say that when people lose their sight, the combination of disability and helplessness reduces them to their most basic survival instincts. That means that the behavior at the asylum is a universal truth of human nature; when people are forced to do nothing more than survive, they become animals. That is why, when the old man asks the woman what the world is like, she replies, “There’s no difference between inside and outside, between here and there, between the many and the few, between what we’re living through and what we have to live through” (242).

Yet, despite Saramago’s insistence that people are no more than animals, there are moments of hope in the last half of the narrative. Despite the constant onslaught of horror, the family of people from the first ward provide glimmers of goodness to stand against the darkness of the post-apocalyptic landscape. While there are many small moments of note, this analysis will focus on one powerful moment: the interaction between the main group of survivors and the emaciated old woman.

The group encounters the old woman when they check the girl’s apartment for her parents. Initially, the old woman seems like a character out of Grimm’s fairy tales. Not only is she filthy and emaciated, but she eats raw meat to survive and leaves the bones scattered around her kitchen. In fact, the doctor’s wife and the girl think of her as the “old witch” because of her general unpleasantness—though the narrator reminds readers that her attitude is likely a result of her isolation and difficult life (251). Despite her gruffness, the group fulfills their promise to share their food with her. They feed her twice, once when they arrive and again when they leave to find the doctor’s flat. They also entrust the girl’s apartment keys to her, asking her to keep them safe until they or the girl’s parents return. Those small kindnesses deeply affect the woman, who watches them leave despite being unable to see them go. She knows she should be pleased to “not have to share her hens and rabbits with the others, she should be pleased but is not, in her blind eyes appear two tears, for the first time she asked herself if she had some good reason for wanting to go on living” (261). The old woman briefly experienced kindness in an unkind world, a moment of light in a “dazzling white” darkness (322).

When the group returns to check the girl’s flat once again, they find the woman’s dead body lying in the main doorway of the building, half on the road. Animals have half eaten her corpse, but the woman has the “keys, shining, sparkling” (299) in her hand. While the doctor tries to explain away the old woman’s behavior as loneliness or dementia, the doctor’s wife says the old woman “had no reason to bring her keys to where she was thinking about dying” (299). In other words, the old woman’s dying act was to ensure the girl was able to find her keys to get back into her apartment. That small act has much bigger implications in the text. The small acts of compassion the doctor’s wife grants the old woman change her. They prompt her to also act with others in mind, and even as she passes away, she tries one last time to do something good for another person. Thus, Saramago shows readers that humanity—and by proxy, hope for humanity—lie in the human connections formed through kindness and community.

It is important to note that this communicative kindness stands in stark contrast to the contagion of “the white sickness.” Like blindness, the compassion the doctor’s wife shows others changes them fundamentally. All of the characters who see positive transformations because of their blindness—the thief, the girl, and even the woman who says, “Wherever you go, I shall go” (198)—are somehow connected with the doctor’s wife.

While being among the central cast of characters, the doctor’s wife is arguably the novel’s protagonist. It is the doctor’s wife who serves as the nexus for her community. Most of the novel’s major plot crises involve her in some way—whether it is through her decision to go with her husband to the asylum, kill the leader of the blind hoodlums, or search for food to care for the rest of her group members. It is critical to note that the woman assumes this role through a gradual process of growth that only happens as the previous patriarchal structures of society disintegrate. As the men in Blindness lose their power, the doctor’s wife steps into the void to present a different social model focused on communal good.

That is not to say that Blindness is a gender progressive text. Saramago still presents readers with a largely stereotypical construction of womanhood, where women are “naturally” caring, compassionate, and sacrificial. Feminist scholars have long pointed out that these behaviors are socially ascribed to women; in other words, women are taught to behave this way. In Blindness, Saramago essentializes these traits, but that is not to say Saramago echoes the patriarchal opinion that these qualities make women weak. In fact, it is the doctor’s wife’s understanding of communal sacrifice that allows her to achieve almost messianic status by the end of the novel. Readers see this in the final chapters, where the doctor’s wife is compared to God. The first man’s wife starts talking about her continued faith, saying that despite her blindness, she “clings to the belief that God is not blind” (281). The doctor’s wife immediately replies, “Only I can see you” (281). The analogy here is clear: If God’s enduring characteristic is his ability to see, and the woman is the only sighted person (keeping with the idea of monotheism), then in this post-apocalyptic world, the doctor’s wife has become an analogue for the divine.

Like the Judeo-Christian god, Saramago argues that the doctor’s wife holds the key to humanity’s salvation. She tells her husband that she believes the epidemic is not a result of disease but of innate corruption, explaining, “I don’t think we did go blind, I think we are blind, Blind but seeing, Blind people who can see, but do not see” (326). The literal blindness people experience is a literal manifestation of the metaphorical epidemic of blindness that has stricken society for years—i.e., the power-centric individualism that allows people to treat others like they are invisible and/or to exploit others for personal gain. Consequently, Saramago uses the doctor’s wife to expose the failings of modern society while also positing a more just alternative that combines kindness and selflessness while privileging the greater good. However, it remains questionable at the end of the novel whether this alternative could ever work.

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