59 pages • 1 hour read
Jamaica KincaidA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Annie begins to deceive her mother by slamming the gate whenever she wants her mother to think that she has just left or returned home. This allows her to surreptitiously access the treasures she hides under the porch. She cannot bear to part with books she has read, so she steals them, and she has become very skilled at “putting on an innocent face” to avoid suspicion (55). Whenever she feels her mother’s disapproval, Annie purposely appears to be absorbed in books just to impress her.
One day, Annie tries to knock down a guava from a tree, and a local girl with hair the color of a penny walks up and asks her which one she wants. When Annie points, the “Red Girl,” as Annie calls her, climbs the tree, picks it, and climbs back down to present it to Annie. Annie has never seen a girl climb a tree, and the Red Girl climbs better than any boy Annie has ever seen. Annie remembers taking notice of the girl some years ago when they passed on the street, each clinging to her mother’s skirt, because of the girl’s distinctive hair. Annie’s mother commented on how dirty the Red Girl was, blaming the girl’s mother for allowing it. Now, as the two girls grow closer, Annie learns that the Red Girl only bathes and changes clothes once a week and very occasionally brushes her teeth and hair. She is also a great marble player and is so good that only a few of the best boys will play with her. Annie thinks the Red Girl’s life is “heaven” compared to her own. Annie, by contrast, must bathe every day, and her mother pays a woman to comb her hair each morning. Before bed, she must wash and press her school uniform, polish her shoes, and lay everything out for the next morning.
Annie begins to meet the Red Girl at an abandoned lighthouse near which Annie has been forbidden to play, and the Red Girl gives her three marbles. When she next sees Gwen, Annie finds her cleanliness and neatness “dull,” and despite classmates calling them “The Little Lovebirds,” Annie feels that the Red Girl now has a stronger claim on her heart. Annie begins to play marbles, and she, too, is good at it, interpreting this as a sign of her perfect relationship with the Red Girl. One day, her mother says how glad she is that Annie is not one of “those girls” who play marbles like boys, and this provokes Annie to play more often. She hides her winnings—more marbles—in old tins under the house.
After her chores each day, Annie runs to meet the Red Girl. She sees each chore as a “small rehearsal” for the dreaded day when she will marry and run her own household. She believes that when she is married, she will be forced to abandon her friends, clandestine meetings, marbles, “and every other secret pleasure” (61). When her mother grows suspicious of Annie’s post-chore walks, Annie feels as though she is her mother’s “prisoner” and avoids meeting the Red Girl for a few days. When she next goes, she learns that the Red Girl has come faithfully, though Annie does not explain why she missed their meetings. Watching the sunset, the Red Girl begins to pinch Annie so hard that Annie cannot help but cry. Then, the Red Girl stops pinching and kisses Annie everywhere that she pinched, and this combination of pinching and kissing is so wonderful to Annie that they enact this same scene at each new meeting. Annie begins to steal things to give to the Red Girl, even stealing money from her parents’ safe to purchase small trinkets for her. It pleases Annie that her parents don’t know everything about her life.
One day, Annie has procured a beautiful blue porcelain marble for the Red Girl, and she uses her gate-slamming technique to deceive her mother, creeping back quietly to retrieve the gift from under the house. However, her mother is waiting for her when she crawls out and demands to know what she is doing. Annie shows the marble to her mother but denies having any others. At this, her mother crawls under the house, searching high and low. Because the marbles are hidden in old cans and among other objects, Annie’s mother doesn’t find them, and Annie denies that she has any more. When her father comes home, Annie’s mother tells him about the marbles, part of a long list of her “horrible” transgressions. Annie fears she will have to abandon the Red Girl completely and return to Gwen and the others. Each day, Annie’s mother asks for the marbles, and Annie denies having any. One day, Annie’s mother tries a new strategy, telling Annie a story about herself as a girl. In the story, Annie’s mother had to carry a bunch of figs on her head, walking with her father home from collecting the fruit. The figs grew heavier, so heavy it hurt, and she walked slowly. When she put the load down, a long black snake slithered out and into the nearby bushes, and she collapsed from fright and relief. Annie feels like she might cry after hearing this story, thinking of how beautiful her mother was, how loved, and how shy she was at that age. Annie is on the verge of telling her mother where the marbles are until her mother asks for them in a soft and “treacherous” voice. Annie summons her own “newly acquired treacherous voice” and lies again (70).
Annie learns that the Red Girl has been sent away to live with her grandparents, and, that night, she dreams of the Red Girl. She dreams that the boat in which the Red Girl rides sinks, and Annie saves her. They both go to an island where they live together apart from the world. At night, they send confusing signals to passing cruise ships, making them crash on the rocks. They laugh when they hear the passengers’ happy shouts change to sorrow.
Whereas Gwen functions as a pale replacement for the love and attention that Annie used to receive from her mother, the Red Girl shows Annie a life that feels completely antithetical to the values of Annie’s mother and other English authority figures. Annie’s deep friendship with the Red Girl reflects The Normalcy of Youthful Rebellion, as she has sensed her mother’s disapproval of the Red Girl for a long time. While Annie’s life is full of obligations and rules, the Red Girl is almost completely free to do as she pleases, and she therefore stands as an avatar for the kind of freedom that Annie lacks; while the Red Girl faces the world in a state of enviable unkemptness, Annie is pressured to adopt and even exceed the ladylike standards set by the English, even attending an English school. The Red Girl represents a life that is unbound by English conventions and revolves around pleasure, and in an apparent attempt to seize this freedom for herself, Annie builds a secret life. Her acts of rebellion extend to stealing, lying, hiding prohibited objects, and conducting secret meetings with unacceptable people in forbidden places. The fact that Annie associates growing up and assuming wifely responsibilities with a lack of pleasure implies her deep displeasure at the very thought of emulating the lifestyle that her mother currently leads.
While Annie’s mother’s frightening story about the snake is meant to endear Annie to her mother and provoke Annie’s honest confession, it only strengthens Annie’s negative association of her mother with snakes, and rather than confide in her mother as she once did, she ultimately decides that her mother is trying to manipulate her. The image of opposition is strengthened as she describes adopting a “warm, soft, and newly acquired treacherous voice” to match that of her mother’s (70). Thus, this scene cements Annie’s determination to see herself and her mother as foes; she no longer feels a sense of loyalty to her mother and interprets her mother’s actions as manipulative.
The Dangerous Effects of Oppression are also illustrated in Annie’s dream of running away with the Red Girl and beckoning cruise ships to their ruin on the rocks, as this image symbolizes Annie’s growing sense of rebellion against the English colonial influences that dominate the people of Antigua and hold such sway over her mother’s behavior and values. Cruise ships are often full of affluent white passengers, and Annie imagines that she and the Red Girl would greet these passengers’ death throes with glee. The ships are therefore symbolic of the English and their rules, which Annie’s mother embraces and Annie finds repressive. Even though the Red Girl is now gone from Annie’s life, the rebellion and thirst for freedom from oppression that she embodied have left a lasting impact on Annie. Additionally, the fact that this girl is never named emphasizes her symbolic purpose in the narrative, as she becomes much more than a person; she is the catalyst for Annie’s rebellion against society, the rules of which are embodied and enforced by Annie’s mother. The Red Girl shows Annie what life could be like if she were to throw off her mother’s expectations and embrace a life of relative freedom and pleasure. Once Annie witnesses the joy of such a life, free from oppressive rules, she cannot forget it. For this reason, Kincaid must remove the Red Girl from the narrative; if she were to remain in Antigua as she matures, her adult life would likely become one of intense social alienation that would tarnish Annie’s admiration of her strength and free spirit.
By Jamaica Kincaid