49 pages • 1 hour read
Michael OndaatjeA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide describes and discusses the source text’s treatment of trauma and death by suicide.
The narrator describes Anil’s previous work as a forensic pathologist in Guatemala. She and her team are always aware of the families who stand vigil over their work, hoping for answers about what might have happened to their loved ones during conflict. The families are as afraid that the team will not unearth their loved ones as they are that the team will confirm their deaths. Anil watches a woman who crawled into one of the mass graves and thinks how the woman cannot render her grief into words.
Anil arrives in Sri Lanka, where she was born but hasn’t lived for 15 years. While she still has relatives in Colombo, she is not particularly interested in reaching out to them. She reflects upon her teenage years as a gifted swimmer and how much she has changed since leaving. The island, too, has changed, plunged into a bloody civil war with atrocities committed on all sides.
Anil agrees to examine and determine the cause of death for a recently dead body for the students at the local hospital. The corpse’s “freshness” bothers her, along with the fact that the deceased most likely died by a politically motivated assassination. The next morning, however, as the monsoon rains break, Anil feels happy to be home.
Anil is a representative of the Centre for Human Rights out of Geneva, in Sri Lanka to work with an archeologist, Sarath Diyasena, to determine the extent of political violence in the country. The expectations are low for the seven-week project, especially given that the country’s leader, President Katugala, denies any involvement in the war, or even that a war is ongoing. When they meet, Sarath immediately mentions Anil’s past as a celebrated swimmer and asks about her personal life. She confirms that she is unmarried and no longer swims. His overtures put Anil off, but she wants to work well with him.
Sarath explains the current political tensions: Three groups, including the government, are vying for power. He takes Anil to the Oronsay, the decommissioned ship where they will be working. He has already unearthed some skeletons from a nearby cave, a centuries-old burial site for monks, though some of the bone fragments from there appear to be much more recent.
Anil visits her former nanny, Lalitha, though they no longer speak the same language. Lalitha’s granddaughter translates but seems to resent Anil. Anil also meets the hospital’s senior medical officer, Dr. Perera. He brings up her swimming and mentions that he knew her father, who was also a doctor. Anil receives a postcard from her American friend, Leaf, and wonders about Sarath’s loyalties. Is he neutral, simply looking for archeological evidence, or is he ideologically aligned with a faction in the war? He seems enthusiastic about his work, quoting from poetry he learned from his beloved teacher, Palipana.
Anil reminisces about her affair with Cullis Wright, a married photojournalist who she used to meet in various parts of the world. He tried to pry into her background but she kept him at arm’s length. When he went bowling with her and her fellow forensic scientists, he noted that he would not want his dead body touched by such clumsy people. Anil remembers this after she cuts herself in the lab. She goes to the hospital. She notices a man, covered in blood, who collapses in the waiting room, falling asleep on some chairs. He turns out to be a doctor. Anil leaves after seeing so many seriously wounded people.
Interspersed throughout the main narrative are italicized vignettes that either illuminate relevant past events or explore adjacent concurrent events. Here, the narrator includes a snapshot of an archeological site in Shanxi province, China, with centuries-old Bodhisattvas lining the walls; an assassination of a political official on a train in Sri Lanka; and a description of the National Atlas of Sri Lanka, which depicts natural resources.
Anil reflects on the war in Sri Lanka, now ongoing for almost 20 years, and how difficult it is to identify the bodies or prove how (or why) they were killed. The war continues because that is the nature of war, she thinks. Later, Sarath suggests that there are no innocent participants left in the war. She and Sarath set out for the caves of Bandarawela, where the skeletons are. Sarath warns Anil to be cautious about their work and what they find, noting that procuring the permit to work there was “difficult.” On the drive, Sarath confides that his wife died by suicide some years ago. Anil’s tells him that her parents died in an automobile accident after she left the country.
The two set up a makeshift lab in a nearby hotel and begin examining the remains from the caves. Anil immediately determines that one of the skeletons was recently killed, most likely by politically-motivated murder. She believes that this murder implicates the government because the site is off-limits to those outside of the government, which also granted her and Sarath’s permit. Sarath is nervous about Anil’s determination to discover the truth, while Anil is suspicious of Sarath, who has a relative in the government. As she examines the body, which she ultimately refers to as “Sailor,” Anil reflects on past mass-casualty events like the eruption at Pompeii or the bombing of Hiroshima.
Anil discovers that Sarath lied about his wife’s death, either to the innkeeper or to Anil. Her head begins to hurt and she becomes feverish, in and out of consciousness. She awakes to find herself in the van with Sarath, who is taking her to the hospital in Colombo. She asks where Sailor is, and Sarath says she told him to load the body into the van, where it is safe with them. Once Anil’s fever breaks, she and Sarath take the body, along with three much older skeletons, to their lab onboard the Oronsay.
Anil thinks about her name and how it was not always her name. She lobbied to take her brother’s middle name as her own. It took some convincing, but Anil stood firm. Eventually, her parents, brother, and all official documentation recognized her name as Anil.
She consults with a lab technician, an entomologist, to help her identify Sailor. She believes he died elsewhere and was moved to the cave. Meanwhile, Sarath works on all four skeletons, drinking steadily. Sailor is the only skeleton that still has a skull. He carefully takes pictures of all four, then removes Sailor’s head, taking a final picture of his recent body without its skull. He stashes the skull in a shopping bag. He knows that he and Anil have discovered something important and dangerous.
A major theme in Anil’s Ghost is The Perversion of Politics. During times of conflict, especially civil wars, politics becomes dark and violent, with actors on many political sides burying the truth. Assassinations, disappearances, and mass casualties become common in the bloody violence. Silence often surrounds these kinds of political atrocities, as people do not know who to trust. Neighbors turn against one another, and the government no longer functions to protect its people. This silence swirls around the novel’s events in Sri Lanka, as evidenced by Sarath’s desire to keep their discoveries quiet, Anil’s desire to avoid speaking about her past, and the inherent suppression of information surrounding politically motivated killings. Anil questions throughout Part 1 the extent to which she should trust Sarath, unsure whether he works for or sympathizes with the government. The unusual circumstances surrounding Sailor’s discovery compound this issue. Anil understands that it serves no interested party if her and Sarath’s actions are discovered too quickly; there is no justice in Sri Lanka, only self-preservation. Anil becomes fixated on discovering the truth about Sailor, reckless in her disregard for the consequences, raging against the nation’s perverse political atmosphere.
Anil’s desire to identify Sailor’s body and uncover the circumstances of his death links to her own feelings of alienation, emphasizing the theme of Rootlessness and Return. Anil has been away from Sri Lanka for 15 years, and her passport bears a “light-blue UN bar” (9). Anil’s association with the United Nations and a human rights group in neutral Switzerland suggest that she is a citizen of the world, tied to no country. She notes that she is most comfortable living and working abroad. When her cab driver calls her a “prodigal”—one destined to return—she immediately refuses the characterization, admitting that she has no friends in the country. Her rejection of her roots has partly to do with cultural expectations that she rejects. For example, Anil notes that people examine pictures of her swimming exploits less to see her talent than her physical appearance. The author implies that Anil is judged for her marriageability rather than her abilities. Her decision to forgo her given, more feminine name for her brother’s middle name also reveals her rejection of traditional gender roles and Sri Lankan conventions.
Anil's life in the relatively stable Western world serves as a counterpoint to her experience in Sri Lanka. The West serves as an anchor to Anil, who no longer feels at home in her birthplace. She finds comfort in a postcard from her American friend, Leaf, a missive from beyond the boundaries of civil war. The West also invokes, however, the cruelty of colonialism and its legacy, etched into Sri Lanka’s landscape, architecture, and libraries. When Anil scans the available titles at the rest-house near the excavation site, for examples, she finds books by “Agatha Christie. P.G. Wodehouse. Enid Blyton. John Masters. The usual suspects in any Asian library” (58). These authors, of course, are all British, representatives of the foreign culture imposed on Sri Lanka.
Anil has not fully extricated herself from her Sri Lankan heritage, however. When the monsoon rains come, Anil remembers happier times in her past, when her parents threw a dinner party and her father sat out in the rain with a guest, “to make sure the rain would keep coming down” (15), implying a desire for the moment to last forever. Experiencing those rains again, after a turn in the deserts of the American southwest, Anil remembers her younger self: “Suddenly Anil was glad to be back, the buried senses from her childhood alive in her” (15). Simultaneously, however, she feels alienated from the country because of its engagement in what she sees as a barbaric and endless war. The narrative suggests that she struggles to adequately express the grief that accompanies such events, as noted in the preface: “There are no words Anil knows that can describe, even for just herself, the woman’s face” (6), as the woman looks upon the dead figures of her husband and brother. While Anil fervently wishes to give voice to those unjustly killed, she cannot give voice to the unfathomable grief of the living.
Anil’s work literally unburying and identifying bodies speaks directly to The Presence of the Past, emphasizing the buried but ever-present nature of the past. Anil repeatedly emphasizes how much she loves working in a laboratory and burying herself in her work uncovering the past. Anil and Sarath’s work in the caves suggests that it is not merely the colonial past that haunts Sri Lanka’s landscape, but also the distant past. Sixth-century monks lie buried on sacred ground alongside victims of more recent political violence. Anil ponders turbulent periods in recorded history, realizing that “there could never be any logic to the human violence without the distance of time” (55). Her project, and Sarath’s purpose, becomes untangling past events to uncover the truth, even if politics pervert trust. The italicized vignettes interspersed among the central narrative serve, in part, to emphasize the continuity of the past and the interconnectedness of the present. As Sarath’s teacher, Palipana, notes when encountering the Bodhisattvas in China, “Nothing lasts [. . .]. And to be loved with the irony of history—that isn’t much” (12). Anil’s implicit quest is to prove Palipana wrong, to restore dignity to the dead and give their sacrifice meaning in service of the truth.
By Michael Ondaatje