44 pages • 1 hour read
Madeleine L'EngleA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
One of the novel's central themes is understanding what is real. At the outset, several of the characters repeatedly question what is real. Blajeny does so to teach his pupils that reality is not limited to what one knows or sees, whereas Meg asks it in disbelief of what she has seen and experienced. The concept of reality is something the characters must overcome if they are to fully understand the conflict with the Echthroi and the solutions for overcoming it.
Unfortunately, the human characters have difficulty coming to terms with a reality that does not align with their own. When Meg decides to take the cherubim to the elementary school, Proginoskes says “most earthlings can bear very little reality” (92). L’Engle illustrates this when Meg and Mr. Jenkins struggle to understand kything and Metron Ariston. These concepts are far outside their experience, so they have difficulty believing they are real. Blajeny’s and Proginoskes’ job is to help broaden their perspective to see that there is much more to reality than what they know. The characters begin to stretch their concept of reality, and once they do, they can fight and eventually defeat the Echthroi.
Sometimes a character’s progress stops when they refuse to readjust their reality and accept a new idea as true. At the novel’s conclusion, the Murry twins refuse to believe that Meg, Calvin, and Mr. Jenkins have just arrived from inside one of Charles Wallace’s mitochondria. Their disbelief is ironic because Mr. and Mrs. Murry don’t question their story. Mr. Jenkins illustrates adults' difficulty in accepting new ideas and realities, so the Murrys’ quick acceptance is remarkable. The Murry twins are logical, like the rest of their family, yet they refuse to believe what they’ve been told, even when someone as stoic as Mr. Jenkins confirms it. Further, L’Engle foreshadows that the twins will become Teachers, explaining their connection with Louise the Larger. Their inability to believe Meg now makes readers question how they can become Teachers when their concept of reality is already holding them back.
The theme of reality also taps into the science fiction genre and helps remind readers that much more exists beyond their perception of reality. By definition, science fiction describes things like time travel, parallel universes, space-time and travel, telepathy, etc. Thus, reality is a very fluid entity that is greatly limited by human logic and a lack of imagination and creativity. When L’Engle questions what is real, readers can pause and ask the same question for themselves. It also allows them to wonder if there is a place like Metron Ariston where size is relative and if hate is as destructive as creatures that want to end all existence. Science fiction is a genre that allows authors the freedom to ask these questions and for readers to broaden their thinking about the world around them.
Another of the novel’s themes is the idea of what’s normal. Despite Charles Wallace’s intelligence and kindness, he is still an outcast from his peers at school and adults outside his family. His differences are exacerbated, as Calvin points out, because they live in a small village where everyone is very similar, as opposed to a city, where differences among people don’t stand out because they are more common. Regardless, the villagers treat Charles Wallace differently because he doesn’t fit the norm of what his village and subculture expect. He questions why this is, asking, “Why do people always mistrust people who are different? Am I really that different?” (21). Charles Wallace’s question taps into why Blajeny assigns him to learn to adapt. Without the ability to adapt between his home's safety and his school's hostile environment, Charles Wallace will continue to be bullied. Many readers likely empathize with Charles Wallace and the internal struggle he faces. People often distrust what they don’t know or what is not familiar to them.
The theme of what’s normal is developed further with Proginoskes’s and Sporos’s judgments about the human characters being inferior to them. When Proginoskes introduces himself to Meg, Calvin, and Charles Wallace, he says, “I don’t know what I’ve done to be assigned to a class with such immature earthlings” (61), as if being sent to Earth is a punishment. Proginoskes then talks to the humans with slight impatience and exasperation, though he overcomes this negative attitude quickly. Before Blajeny walks Meg, Calvin, and Charles Wallace back to their house for the night, Proginoskes says, “I didn’t mean what I said about immature earthlings. If we have been sent to the same Teacher, then we have things to learn from each other. A cherubim is not a higher order than earthlings, you know, just different” (69). Thus, Proginoskes sees the value in their differences and understands that their differences will strengthen them. Sporos, on the other hand, is more outspoken about his disdain for humans and his assignment to work with them. He openly refuses to kythe with Calvin to defeat the Echthroi; yet, when he sees Mr. Jenkins’s sacrifice to save Meg, he begins to understand that humans have admirable attributes, though they are different from himself. Thus, Proginoskes and Sporos overcome their dislike for humans because they see past their differences and appreciate how they strengthen the group.
One of L’Engle’s most valuable lessons about what’s normal is that being unique ultimately saves Charles Wallace. To pass her first test, Meg must Name the real Mr. Jenkins against two Echthroi imposters. To do this, she must accept Mr. Jenkins’s differences and shortcomings. She must also appreciate that Mr. Jenkins is unique and turn that into genuine love. When she does this, she Names Mr. Jenkins and drives the imposters away. Likewise, the group must Name Sporos, even though he was insulting. They must see his unique nature and appreciate it instead of disliking him for his differences. Again, Meg and her friends see past Sporos’s differences and Name him, openly telling him he is unique and needed. By Naming Sporos, they drive the Echthroi back, leading to their ultimate victory. This message tells the readers that there is great power in being unique and that not everyone has to be normal or the same. The differences among people make them strong and capable of accomplishing great things.
A final theme in the novel is the importance of relationships. Something Blajeny and Proginoskes teach Meg and the other humans repeatedly is the interconnectedness they need to feel with each other if they want to save Charles Wallace. L’Engle best illustrates the necessity of connectivity when the characters fight the Echthroi in Yadah. Meg must stop fighting only for Charles Wallace and focus on Sporos. Likewise, Calvin and Mr. Jenkins must help Sporos Deepen, for without that they will all die. Sporos has the most difficulty with this concept, forgetting that if he doesn’t Deepen into a fara, he will lose the freedom the Echthroi tempt him with. That is, if Sporos refuses to Deepen, Charles Wallace will die, and he will die with him. This shows how dependent each character is on the other and forces them to strengthen their relationships and work together despite their differences. If they fail, the Echthroi will win, killing Charles Wallace and all those in Yadah.
Meg has the most significant task of developing strong relationships, which is ironic given her struggle to relate well with others. While she forms a strong bond with Proginoskes quickly, she must overcome a lot of previous conflict with Mr. Jenkins to Name him and then develop a positive relationship with him. The relationship between these two characters becomes so strong and genuine that they are both willing to sacrifice themselves to save the other. While Meg must develop her relationship with Mr. Jenkins, she must change her relationship with Charles Wallace. Readers quickly see how protective Meg is of Charles Wallace, especially if they read A Wrinkle in Time. The siblings have a strong bond, yet this bond begins to blind and hinder Meg as she tries to pass Blajeny’s tests. Instead of focusing all of her protective power on Charles Wallace, Meg must deepen her relationships with Mr. Jenkins, Calvin, Proginoskes, and Sporos to save her brother.
Likewise, Mr. Jenkins must develop his relationship with Meg and himself. Until he can accept his faults and imperfections, he cannot bond with the other characters to defeat the Echthroi. Readers see him slowly come to terms with his true self as he improves his kything, but Mr. Jenkins’s development is most poignant when he sacrifices himself to the Echthroi to save Meg. This sacrifice demonstrates that Mr. Jenkins finally understands the importance of the situation and his ability to help defeat the Echthroi. Further, Mr. Jenkins illustrates his new relationship with himself as principal when he tells the Murrys he will “find upgrading an elementary school a pleasant change, and at the moment it seems a quite possible challenge” (236). His statement illustrates that he knows working to improve the school will be difficult, but his recent experiences have shown him he can accomplish difficult things and that the process of doing so is rewarding.
By Madeleine L'Engle