64 pages • 2 hours read
Ruth OzekiA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
After 9/11, Nao’s classmates are nice to her for awhile because of her connection to America, but things soon change. In October, Nao gets her period again after not having it for almost a year. She realizes that she has her period at school and goes to the bathroom. While she is in the bathroom, some of her classmates stick a phone over the walls of the bathroom stall and take pictures of her. Nao pulls up her skirts and backs into the corner of the stall. She opens the door to try to escape, but Reiko blocks her from going out the exit. The girls grab her and force her to lie face down on the bathroom floor while Daisuke films. They tie her hands together and tie her skirt over her head so that she can’t see anything. While holding her ankles, the pull off her underwear, which are covered in blood. Nao hears them talking about who will rape her first. They decide to make Daisuke try, but he is too scared to do anything. The kids then notice that Nao has stopped moving and decide to run away, leaving her tied up in the bathroom. After lying on the floor in shock for a while, Nao gets herself out of the ropes and makes her way home. That night, her classmates post the video on the Internet and put her underwear up for auction on a “burusera” (schoolgirl) fetish site where “hentais” (perverts) can bid on her panties.
After the attempted rape, Nao stops going to school. Each morning, she leaves the house wearing her school uniform and then changes into regular clothes and goes to an Internet café. One day, she goes home to find her dad passed out in the bathroom. She calls her mom and emergency services. When the paramedics arrive, Nao refuses to tell them that her dad was taking sleep pills to avoid getting him in trouble. After they take her dad to the hospital, she discovers that her dad left behind a note that states: “I should only make myself ridiculous in my own eyes if I clung to life and hugged it when it has no more to offer” (283). Nao recognizes the sentence as the line the philosopher Socrates said to his friend Crito before killing himself by drinking hemlock. All of a sudden, Nao runs to check the auction for her underwear on the computer and discovers that a new bidder named “C.imperator” tried to win the auction on her underwear but lost to a user named “Lolicom73” (284). Nao is so disturbed by the results of the auction that she goes to throw up in the bathroom.
The doctors save her dad’s life by pumping his stomach, and Nao decides not to tell her mom that she found a note. Her parents try to convince her that her dad accidentally overdosed, but Nao knows that her dad was trying to kill himself again.
After her parents fall asleep, Nao cuts off all her hair and shaves her head. The next day, she goes to school and shocks her classmates by showing off her bald head. After school, Nao tries to tell her mom that she is dropping out of school to become a nun. At the sento, a waitress named Babette tells Nao that she thinks her shaved head is pretty and offers to help her buy a wig to appease her mother. Babette takes her shopping in the Akihabara district of Tokyo, where they buy Nao “a cute little knit cap […] and shoulder-length wig, and a lace petticoat, and a pair of loose socks” (292). While in Akihabara, they walk past a DVD store that is projecting a program called “Insect Gladiators” (291), which shows a staghorn beetle being stabbed to death by a yellow scorpion. Nao starts to cry and explains to Babette that her dad’s hobby is making insects out of origami. Afterwards, Babette takes her to Fifi’s Lovely Apron, the French maid café where Babette works. Although Babette is not much older than Nao, Nao feels safe with her and thinks she has finally found a friend.
Ruth has just finished reading the last section of Nao’s diary aloud to Oliver. Oliver observes that “Babette seems pretty cool” and “like a nice friend for Nao to have” (293). Ruth is furious that Oliver’s only response to the section discussing a sexual assault and suicide attempt is to call Babette “cool” (293).Ruth tells Oliver that Babette is clearly “a pimp” who is recruiting Nao to join the “compensated-dating operation” that she is running “out of that awful maid café” (293). Oliver is surprised to realize this about Babette and the maid café. He then points out that Nao’s father did try to help by bidding on her underwear. Ruth asks how he knows that, and he tells her that the Latin name of the staghorn beetle is “Cyclommatus imperator,” from which the username “C.imperator” clearly derives. Earlier, Nao mentioned that her dad won third place in the Great Bug Wars origami contest for his “Cyclommatus imperator” (99).Ruth did not make this connection and is irritated at Oliver for making it seem so obvious. She says that she still thinks it is disgusting that he bid on his daughter’s underwear, but Oliver argues that he was just trying to protect Nao by keeping a pervert from getting them. They go to bed angry with each other.
Babette sends Nao on her first date with a man whom Nao says she will call “Ryu” (299). Ryu is polite and gentle, and Babette assures Nao that he will treat her well. Ryu takes her to a fancy hotel, where they drink champagne and take a bath together. When they go to bed together, Nao gets nervous because she has never had sex before. She starts to cry, and Ryu comforts her and gives her his handkerchief. Nao then dresses up in his clothes. After a while, she gets on top of him, and they have sex. Nao and Ryu continue to go on dates for about a month; however, once Nao’s hair starts to grow back, Ryu stops contacting Babette for dates with her. Nao is heartbroken and refuses to go on more dates for Babette. Babette gets angry at Nao for continuing to hang out at Fifi’s and tells her she should stop being so selfish. Meanwhile, Nao’s mom is working very long hours after getting a promotion at work, and her dad is becoming increasingly depressed. She discovers that he has joined an online suicide club and is making plans with his new friends to kill themselves. After this, Nao starts to think about committing suicide herself.
The Stanford professor that Ruth contacted via email finally responds. He explains that he did in fact know Nao’s father, Haruki Yasutani, while he and his family lived in Sunnydale, although he does not know what has happened to him or his daughter. The professor met Mr. Yasutani, whom he calls “Harry,” when he came to his office at Stanford in 1991. Harry explained that he wanted to speak to a psychology professor because he didn’t understand people very well and wanted to know the meaning of “human conscience” (307). He was concerned because he did not believe that he had a conscience and wanted to learn to empathize and know the difference between right and wrong. He explained that the interface that he was developing for his software company had applications in the “semi-autonomous weapons industry” (307). He was worried that the interface they were designing was “too seamless,” and he wanted to know if there was a way “build a conscience into the interface design that would assist the user by triggering his ethical sense of right and wrong and engaging his compulsion to do right” (307-8). The professor recognized that Haruki Yasutani did in fact have a conscience since he was concerned that the technology he was helping to design might be morally wrong. In time, Harry and the professor became close friends and continued these discussions. Since the professor has an interest in “cultural influences on suicide” (309),they often discussed the importance of suicide in Japanese culture and the fact that Harry’s uncle was a kamikaze pilot in World War II. Harry was eventually fired by his company after trying to pursue the idea of embedding consciences into weapons. After losing his family’s savings in the stock market crash, the Yasutani family moved back to Japan. A year later, he received the email that Ruth found about suicide from Harry. Although the professor suggested that Harry seek professional help, he never heard from him again.
After reading the email, Ruth replies telling the professor about the contents of Nao’s diary and asking him to write back as soon as possible since she wants to help the suicidal father and daughter. She goes to find Oliver to tell him about the email and her response. He tells her that it doesn’t make any sense for her to write to the professor that Nao’s situation is urgent since the diary was written ten years earlier, in 2001 not 2011; if she’s still alive, she would be in her mid-twenties. Ruth realizes that she has completely forgotten about the time difference. Ruth tells Oliver that she became so consumed in the diary that she forgot that it was written in the past. She regrets that Nao doesn’t know that her father was fired because of his conscience and wishes that she could let the teenage Nao know that.
Ruth then asks Oliver if he has seen their cat, Pesto, but Oliver replies that he has been missing all morning. Ruth can tell that Oliver is very worried about the cat. Later, Ruth goes to get the translations of the French notebook from Benoit.
In these chapters, Nao’s story takes a dark turn. When she returns to school in the fall, the bullying escalates to a sickening level when her classmates attack her in the bathroom and tie her up with the intent to rape her. The sexual assault is filmed and put up on the Internet, like the video of the fake funeral, and the underwear they took from her is put up for auction on a fetish website. She drops out of school after these traumatic events and shaves her head like a Buddhist nun. Soon after, Nao ends up in Fifi’s Lovely Apron. Her acquaintance, Babette the waitress, is covertly running an escort service for wealthy businessmen and recruits Nao—because she is a young schoolgirl and currently bald—to appeal to a certain type of client. Although Nao feels like she has finally found a friend in Babette, it becomes clear that Babette is merely exploiting Nao for money and is putting her in danger. Even though Nao develops feelings for Ryu, the first client she agrees to entertain for Babette, the descriptions of their encounters are deeply disturbing, as he is a much older man paying for sex with a schoolgirl who is barely 16 years old. Although Nao intended to use her “superpower” (176) to withstand the cruelty of her classmates and the world around her, the circumstances prove too much for her and by the end of the section, she has decided to commit suicide herself.
Right after the attempted rape at school, Nao finds her father unconscious on the bathroom after trying to kill himself by overdosing on sleeping pills. After finding her dad, Nao sees that auction for her underwear has ended; near the end, a user named “C.imperator” had entered the bidding but lost at the last minute. As Oliver later reminds Ruth, Cyclommatus imperator is the Latin name for the staghorn beetle, the insect that Nao’s dad won third place for in an origami contest. Nao thus realizes that her dad found out about the assault and tried to win the underwear himself to protect her. She also realizes that his failure to protect her after all may be part of the reason he attempted to kill himself. When she later sees the Insect Wars video playing in Akihabara with Babette, she bursts into tears because it makes her think of her dad, his suicide attempts, and the fact that he knows about what she has endured and tried to help her in the only way he could.
As the reader learns about the sexual assault, Haruki #2’s second suicide attempt, and Nao’s growing connection with Babette, Ruth and Oliver serve as model readers who help us understand certain parts of the story that are not immediately apparent. For instance, without Oliver’s reminder that Nao’s dad won third place in an origami contest for his staghorn beetle, it would be almost impossible for the reader to understand that Nao has found out that her dad was bidding on the underwear since it is very unlikely that most readers would recall the Latin name. Even Ruth doesn’t remember this detail as it is barely mentioned in the text. Furthermore, Ruth’s angry explanation to Oliver that Babette is exploiting Nao confirms the reader’s suspicion that Babette will not turn out to be a good friend to Nao and may be involved in a prostitution ring. Prior to Ruth’s outbursts, there are only very subtle hints that the French maid café is an undercover brothel. Ruth and Oliver—the readers embedded within the novel—thus help other readers to make the connections they need to understand all the layers of Nao’s story.
Ruth also finally gets a response from the Stanford professor and learns that Haruki #2 was fired from his job in California because of his ethical concerns about the software he was developing. He was haunted by the story of his uncle’s kamikaze mission and his grandmother’s grief that her son was forced to give his life to a war he didn’t believe in. He felt that if his uncle’s plane had had a conscience, it may not have flown into a battleship, killing both Haruki#1 and many enemy soldiers. After reading this email, Ruth realizes that Nao doesn’t know this about the noble reasons that Haruki #2 had for getting fired. She wishes she could tell her to encourage Nao to be more generous toward her father. Instead, after her dad’s second suicide attempt, Nao leaves him a note that says: “Your uncle Haruki #1 would not keep screwing up like this. If you’re going to do something, please do it properly” (286).
Ruth also comes to a shocking realization after telling Oliver about the email from the professor and her attempts to find a way to help Nao and her family. In her eagerness to learn about Nao, she has completely forgotten that Nao’s story takes place ten years earlier and that she doesn’t have the power to help stop her and her dad from committing suicide. She has become so wrapped up in reading Nao’s diary that she forgets that they are living at different times. She compares this unsettling experience to the times when she is working on a novel and forgets everything else around her except the story she is writing. The way in which Ruth forgets where Nao’s story ends and hers begins testifies to how powerful and immersive the experience of reading—and writing—can be.
By Ruth Ozeki