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48 pages 1 hour read

Jeanine Cummins

A Rip in Heaven

Nonfiction | Autobiography / Memoir | Adult | Published in 2004

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Chapters 7-9Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 7 Summary

Cummins opens with a quote from Dr. Richard Ofshe, an expert in the social psychology of police interrogations, which explains that a coercive interrogation depends on the target’s initial willingness to participate. Tom is such a target as he rides with the homicide detectives to the station, thinking he is working with them toward the common goal of catching the four criminals. On the drive to the station, they ask Tom a litany of questions about his background, his relationship with Julie, his vacation in St. Louis, and his background as a fireman, among other topics. Seeking comfort, Tom rubs the flannel of his shirt as he has since he was a small child.

At the station, Gene is not allowed to be present during the interrogation, but he is allowed to inspect the room first. They act as if this is a highly unusual favor, only extended to them as firemen. Tom reflects on how much his life has changed in a matter of hours, and he falls asleep in the interrogation room chair.

He wakes with a start as the detectives enter the room an hour later. The detectives assure him that he is not in custody or being arrested, but they have to read him his Miranda rights before he makes a statement, which they record. Cummins provides pieces of the direct transcript of the statement.

Tom recounts the closeness he shared with Julie, causing the detectives to raise their eyebrows, but he does not notice. They ask if he has been physically intimate or had sex with her, which he negates with confusion. After this odd interruption, he continues by telling them the events of the previous night. His recall of the events is good, considering he has been awake for more than a day, but he cannot remember the four men’s names. He did remember that the taller man was from Wentzville.

Tom repeatedly uses the word “sir,” which is considered by the detectives to be suspicious over-politeness, following the leading manual on conducting police interrogations. At the end of the interrogation, the detectives ask Tom if he caused any harm to the two girls, if he had sex with them, and if he would be willing to provide hair and saliva samples. They explain that these questions are merely standard procedure. Tom feels that he has been helpful as the interrogation concludes, and he falls asleep again after they leave.

Tom wakes as two new detectives enter the room. They want to conduct a second, shorter interview to clarify a few details. He tells them the same story he told the detectives before. They ask him to do a composite drawing of the four men and to take his physical samples. Gene meets up with him as he is providing fingerprints and hair samples. The detectives suggest that Tom take a polygraph test to establish him as a credible witness. Gene is dubious, but Tom agrees.

Meanwhile, Jacquie Sweet, Tom’s aunt, is informed over the phone by Kay of the situation. Kay and the other family members, now at Ginna’s house, are calling their relatives for them to come to St. Louis. As the family members arrive at the house, they work together on various tasks. Tink rushes to the bathroom to vomit again, devastated.

Meanwhile, Gray makes amends with his girlfriend Eva for not picking her up last night. At his friends’ house, he tells them that he is the one who murdered the two Kerry girls and threw them off the bridge. His friends think he is joking.

Chapter 8 Summary

Tom takes the polygraph test in a more comfortable examination room, and he feels good about doing it, much like his interrogations. The examiner is also friendly, even showing him pictures of his family. He explains in detail how the polygraph test will work. Cummins interjects to explain that polygraphs in fact are only effective 48% to 90% of the time, with about a one in four false positive rate. Cummins also explains that sleep deprivation makes one virtually guaranteed to fail a polygraph test. Tom nearly falls asleep from sleep deprivation between every question. When the examiner asks him if he murdered his cousin, he is startled and sweats profusely. The examiner says that “we’ve got a real fucking problem here” (119), and he shouts in Tom’s face that he cannot lie to him or to the machine. Tom breaks “into childish sobs” (120).

Tom is forced to take a second exam, which goes even worse than the first. A new detective escorts Tom to a bare office room, where he bluntly asks him what he did to those two girls. He screams at him repeatedly, while Tom cries, repeating, “I didn’t do it, I didn’t do it, I didn’t do it” (129).

Gene is meanwhile in the office of Lieutenant Jacobsmeyer, who tries to convince Gene that Tom is lying about something. It is impossible for a person to survive a 90-foot fall into that river without at least breaking a few bones, he says. This is a lie: The fall was only 50 feet, but lies and deception are perfectly legal and even encouraged in police interrogation procedures. The lieutenant’s assertion that the river current would have brought Tom to the Illinois bank, not the Missouri one, is another lie. Gene hates this man for accusing his son, but he agrees to cooperate, knowing that this will give him more access to his son and more control over what is happening.

Cummins cites passages from the police interrogation manual and another study that say that false confessions can happen, particularly in situations like Tom’s combined with improper police procedures. The case is all over the news, which gives the police great incentive to wrap it up quickly. A new detective comes into the room, and they attempt to elicit a confession from Tom, even telling him why his story must be false. Tom, awake now for more than 36 hours, is adamant that his story is true. They tell him that he will not see his father or anyone in his family for a long time. Lieutenant Jacobsmeyer enters next, and he lies to Tom that they caught two of the four men he described. He says that their story is different and makes much more sense. Jacobsmeyer humiliates and toys with Tom, but Tom maintains his innocence. Finally, he brings Gene in, who asks Tom what really happened. Tom breaks down, wailing in grief, but he insists that he is telling the truth.

Meanwhile, Tom’s aunts Jacquie and Sheila worry for Tom and suggest that he hire a lawyer. Then they run outside as they see Tink, Kathy, and Jamie surrounded by a local news crew and reporter. Sheila screams at them in fury to leave them alone. Back in the house, Kathy goes to Julie’s room and looks at her poems and wall decorations. A symbol from Amnesty International brings back a memory in Kathy, and she feels “like a very old woman, bent with the weight of wisdom” (126).

Kay takes Tink and Kathy back to their grandparents’ house, where she informs them that the police asked Tom to take a polygraph test and that they are hiring a lawyer, Frank Fabbri, to represent Tom. Tink and Kathy cannot understand the need for a lawyer if Tom has done nothing wrong.

Chapter 9 Summary

Tom is left devastated and broken by his father’s imploring him to tell the truth. He does not care if he is found guilty and executed anymore. He only wants “to cry and to grieve and to sleep” (147). Jacobsmeyer tells Tom his version of events, and Tom tells him that he will believe whatever he wants. Fine, he tells them, that is what happened. They take this denial as a confession. Tom feels emboldened, knowing that he has hit rock bottom and that the police have no tape of him confessing. He tells the officer that they have the wrong man, that he has already told them what happened.

Kay calls the attorney, Frank Fabbri, who angrily asks if Tom has been answering questions at the station all day without an attorney present. Fabbri instructs her to tell Gene to get Tom out of the station immediately. The police refuse to release Tom, but they are frightened of Fabbri. Fabbri tells Kay that they will likely arrest Tom and charge him with two counts of first-degree murder, and they do.

Fabbri finds Tom completely worn and devastated in the interrogation room, and he tells Tom that the questioning is over. He tells him that the police will arrest him, that he will spend the night in a jail cell, but that this is good. This is just the process to clear him. Tom asks Fabbri if he believes him, and Fabbri assures him that he does. Tom collapses in tears. Then he listens to Fabbri’s advice “like a man” and agrees to meet him tomorrow (157). The police take Tom to booking, and he sees Gene in the hallway. Gene hugs him and tells him he knows that Tom did not do it.

Chapters 7-9 Analysis

Chapters 7-9 focus on the theme of unjust police investigations and media representation. In Chapter 7 Cummins develops this theme by periodically quoting passages from the manual for police interrogations as well as articles by Dr. Richard Ofshe, an expert in police interrogations and false confessions. This device effectively demonstrates exactly what tactics the police are doing as they do it. They also provide cautionary words about the dangers of false confessions and the types of questionable, if legal, tactics that elicit false confessions. Cummins provides such quotes to cast doubt and illegitimacy on the police’s strategies to get Tom to confess, and she stresses that even though such tactics are legal, they are unethical. Cummins also provides some passages from the direct transcript of Tom’s interrogations, which give these chapters a more journalistic, true-crime tone than other parts of the book.

The tactics of the police are brutal and severely damaging to Tom’s psyche while he is still in shock, not having slept or recovered from the events at the bridge. The police have encouraged him, by speaking to him as if they are on the same team, to undergo two long interrogations, a polygraph test, and physical sampling without any rest or recovery. The police then lie both to Tom and to Gene, which causes Gene to betray Tom by asking him to tell the truth. The fact that even Tom’s father does not believe him, due to the police’s lies, is heartbreaking for Tom, yet he does not actually confess. The police also do not attempt to corroborate Tom’s account by conducting a medical exam, which would have found a broken hip and supported his story.

The chapters also continue the theme of the transition from childhood to adulthood, particularly regarding Tom. At first, Tom is characterized as a man, confidently answering questions during the two interrogations. After he fails the polygraph test and the police begin to verbally abuse him, trying to elicit a false confession, Tom exhibits childlike qualities again. He breaks as “all thoughts of manhood or bravery or helpfulness [flee] from him” (120). Again, Cummins uses this theme to emphasize Tom’s vulnerability in this moment, which also serves to villainize the police’s tactics.

The narrative takes a sharp turn in the following chapter as Frank Fabbri appears to rescue Tom from the police’s ruthless questioning. Finally, Tom has a lawyer, and this represents a temporary moment of relief in the narrative, even as Tom is booked for double homicide. When Fabbri tells Tom that he believes him, Tom collapses into tears. Again playing with childhood and adulthood motifs, Cummins characterizes Tom as both a child and an adult when Fabbri meets with him. He cries childishly, but he also decides to follow Fabbri’s advice like a man.

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