62 pages • 2 hours read
Tom WolfeA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Peepgass is alone and restless in his shabby rental unit at Normandy Lea Apartments, which lies on the outskirts of Buckhead, the fashionable neighborhood where Charlie lives. Peepgass’s life is in a mess. Until recently, he was living comfortably with his wife, Betty Pierce Peepgass, and their two children in a nice home. Peepgass met Betty at Harvard 21 years ago when she was getting a PhD in English, and he was studying for an MBA. Shortly after their marriage, Peepgass got a job offer from PlannersBanc and moved to Atlanta with Betty. Though the Boston-born Betty never liked Atlanta, she soldiered through for Peepgass’s sake.
Two years ago, Peepgass ran into Sirja, a beautiful young Finnish woman, on a flight to Helsinki, and they began an affair. Because PlannersBanc was flying Peepgass business class, Sirja assumed Peepgass was a tycoon. Peepgass was flattered by Sirja’s attention but did not tell her that though PlannersBanc gave him good perks, his gross salary was actually not very high. When Sirja got pregnant, Peepgass asked her to terminate the pregnancy. However, Sirja refused because of her Roman Catholic faith and moved to the US so Peepgass could support their child. Betty found out about the affair and asked Peepgass to leave the house. Now, Peepgass is forced to pay child support to Sirja for their son, Pietari.
In San Francisco, laid-off Conrad looks through job ads in the newspaper. He hopes he can get work as a word processor or a computer operator since he has always been good with technology. Conrad reflects that he has never had a chance to pursue his dreams since he married Jill straight out of school, and they had children shortly after. Conrad, whose parents were Bohemian in their outlook, had big plans for his life. However, a combination of parental neglect and bad decisions landed him in his current predicament at 23. Conrad feels he actively sought out a married, bourgeois lifestyle because his parents always looked down on the bourgeoisie, or the middle-class.
Meanwhile, Jill’s mother, Mrs. Otey, tells Conrad that his arms and hands look too rough from his work at the freezer plant. He must wear a full-sleeve shirt to his job interviews. Conrad feels even worse.
Mayor Wesley Jordan calls Roger to his office to discuss the Fareek case. Wes tells Roger that Inman Armholster visited him to discuss the alleged crime against Elizabeth. Armholster wants justice yet is unwilling, at this point, to file charges against Fanon. This is because he does not want to drag Elizabeth into a trial. Wes thinks that despite Armholster’s current reluctance to file charges, the matter is bound to become public and ignite a tinderbox of racial tensions in Atlanta. Though Wes did not say this to Armholster, he is inclined to support Fareek to show the Black people of Atlanta that he is on their side.
Wes asks Roger to come for a tour of Atlanta with him so Roger understands how best to win against Armholster. First, he takes Roger uphill to Peachtree Street, the poshest part of the city, largely inhabited by wealthy, white residents. Armholster’s enormous house, built like a Venetian palazzo, is the most valuable single-family home in all of Atlanta. Close by is Charlie Croker’s mansion. When Roger remarks that Armholster’s house is built in the Italian style, Wes makes fun of Roger for his interest in “grayboy” or white architecture. Roger angrily counters that “art and architecture aren’t black or white, they’re just art” (191). Wes mollifies Roger, and they drive downhill past downtown Atlanta to the historic Sweet Auburn neighborhood, where the home of civil rights leader Martin Luther King still stands. The area is beautiful, but as they keep driving further, the neighborhoods look more rundown. This is the part of town where the lowest-income Black families live, and the difference from Peachtree could not be starker. Wes shows Roger the collapsing single-story house in which Fareek grew up. Wes’s plan is to juxtapose for the media the difference between Elizabeth and Fareek’s childhood homes to show the extent of Fareek’s disadvantage.
Martha Croker, Charlie’s ex-wife, is working out at a DefinitionAmerica gym class. Martha feels judged by other gymgoers since at 53, she is the oldest woman there. However, she knows she has to work out vigorously to achieve the present beauty ideal of “boys with breasts” (209), or absolutely thin women with large bosoms. Martha blames Charlie for her predicament. Before Charlie’s affair with Serena, Martha was happy with her body and comfortably settled in their life, assuming she would grow old with Charlie. Martha helped Charlie build his career, giving up her own ambition of attending medical school to raise their children. Now that her marriage is over, Martha feels she needs to start over again. To attract a new mate, she needs to be skinny.
Martha meets her friend, Joyce, for lunch to discuss her worries. She tells Joyce that while her and Charlie’s mutual friends supported Martha during the divorce, they have since moved away from her. Martha feels isolated and invisible. Pursuing her old dream of medical school also looks futile, as universities have told her candidates her age are at a hiring disadvantage. Joyce tells Martha she can make a comeback in society by buying a table at a huge art opening in Atlanta and inviting many people.
Meanwhile, Serena tells Charlie they must buy a table at the art opening. Although Charlie hates the idea of spending $20,000, he knows that it is important that he show up at the social event.
At the PlannersBanc headquarters, as the bankers discuss how to recover the loan from Charlie, Peepgass once again feels sorry for himself. Unlike recovery officers like Harry, the hotshots of the office, loan officers like Peepgass are relegated to the background. Peepgass further reflects how Charlie Croker has unwittingly betrayed him on two accounts: Not only did Peepgass approve Charlie for a huge loan, swept up in the vision of success Charlie promised, but Peepgass also disastrously emulated Charlie in his personal life. After Charlie daringly abandoned his wife, Martha, to marry Serena, Peepgass too felt the thrill of possibility. Peepgass believes he had the affair with Sirja because he was inspired by Charlie.
Peepgass snaps out of his reverie when he hears Harry tell the team that seizing Charlie’s assets is a bad idea as foreclosure means the bank would have to show a $500 million loss on their books. Peepgass decides it is time to speak up and let the “red dog,” or the wild spirit inside himself, loose. He suggests to Harry that instead of foreclosure, they should force Charlie to hand over the deeds of some of his assets. This way, they need not show a loss on their books and can later sell off Croker Concourse and other assets discreetly to recover money. What Peepgass does not tell his team is that he plans to put together the syndicate that will buy the property, thereby profiting from it.
Charlie is at the orthopedist’s to have his knee examined. The doctor advises him to get a knee replacement surgery. Recovery can take up to six weeks. Charlie feels the world is committed to making him feel old and dispensable.
A traffic snarl nearly causes Conrad to be late for his job test in downtown Oakland. With five minutes to spare before his slot, Conrad parks his small Hyundai car in a legally safe space between a large sedan and a red zone. As part of the job interview, Conrad has to undertake a typing test. He feels confident as his typing speed is 85 words per minute. However, when he begins typing, he realizes his fingers—swollen from his freezer-plant work—have seized up. Conrad does poorly on the test and leaves.
However, the botched test turns out to be the least of Conrad’s worries. When he gets to his car, he can see his car, now in the middle of the red zone, is being towed away. Conrad realizes that the driver of the sedan must have physically pushed his little car into the red zone to make space for themselves as they drove off. He tries to explain this to the tow truck operators, but they dismiss him, and the car is taken away. The only way for Conrad to get it back today is to pay a fee at the parking violations office and another for storage at the impound lot by 7:00 pm. Conrad manages to pay the violation fee but is $30 dollars short of the storage fee, which he has to produce at the impound lot. He calls home to request that Jill wire him money. By the time Conrad collects the money from Western Union and gets to the impound lot, it is 6:47 pm. There is a long queue at the fee counter, but Conrad manages to get to the front before 7:00 pm. However, the man at the counter asks Conrad for $154, saying that Conrad needs to pay extra for the long time it took to tow his car. A dejected Conrad, short of cash, walks away. On his way out, he spots the forklift driver who towed away his Hyundai, manhandling his car in the impound lot. Conrad screams, “[I]t’s not right” (273), enters the lot, and tries to get to his car. The forklift driver, Morrie, threatens Conrad with a Billy club and lunges at him. Conrad and Morrie tussle, Morrie falling hard in the process. Suddenly, security guards converge upon Conrad, pinning him down. Conrad can hear people say that Morrie is not moving.
Charlie is hosting a lavish guest weekend in Turpmtine. The guests include Charlie’s friend, Billy Bass; Baker County judge Opey McCorkle; Lettie Withers, the grand dame of Atlanta society; and Beauchamp Knox, a former governor of Atlanta. Charlie especially hopes to impress Herb Richman, the founder of DefinitionAmerica, so Herb can be persuaded to rent gym space at Croker Concourse for a $10 million annual lease. Charlie tries to impress his guests by playing up the authentic Southern aspect of his hospitality, including the Southern food cooked by his Black chefs, whom Charlie calls Uncle Bud and Auntie Bella. When Lenore Knox, the ex-governor’s wife, mentions attending a ball for AIDS, Billy and Opey make offensive jokes about hosting galas for various sexually transmitted diseases. Not wanting to be left behind, Charlie joins in and says a homophobic slur. Serena pulls Charlie aside to tell him he might have offended Herb Richman and his wife, who are liberal.
The worst faux pas occurs the next morning when Charlie takes his guests to the breeding barn, where a mare is to be impregnated by a stallion. The handlers put the mare, who seems unwilling to copulate, in stocks so the stallion can mount her. When the stallion is brought in, he is in extreme heat. The copulation is violent. Though the guests make jokes after the stallion is taken away, nothing diffuses the tension. Charlie, who is moved by the stallion’s masculine lust, proclaims that the example of the mare and stud proves that life is all about “the male and female, and that’s it” (309), and same-sex attraction is overrated. Later, he accidentally refers to Herb as “Hebe,” a slur for Jewish people. Charlie can see from Herb’s expression that Charlie can say goodbye to the $10 million a year.
Meanwhile, when Charlie and Billy are alone, Billy tells Charlie about Elizabeth Armholster’s rape charges against Fanon. Charlie is shocked as he has recently met Elizabeth. Billy tells Charlie that he has met Fanon. Fanon is arrogant and has too much attitude, decked in a thick gold chain necklace and diamond earrings. When Billy asks him about Elizabeth, Charlie describes her as a “sexy-looking little lamb chop” (296). Billy admonishes Charlie for the description, saying that “rape’s rape, no matter what kind of body the girl has” (296). Charlie defends himself: He was only making an observation and knows that rape is a very serious crime. Billy asks Charlie to keep the information secret, even from Serena.
After the weekend, Charlie and his guests fly back to downtown Atlanta in his G-5. As Charlie begins descending the stairs to the tarmac, he sees a team of men waiting for him. One of the men calls for Charlie and introduces himself as Martin Thorgen, a lawyer representing PlannersBanc. Thorgen tells Charlie that he has orders from the Superior Court of DeKalb County for the immediate arrest and removal of the plane as part of Charlie’s loan payback. To execute the court order, Thorgen is accompanied by police officers, plane operators, Peepgass, and Zale.
Charlie furiously brainstorms something that will allow him control over the situation and remembers the N. C. Wyeth painting inside the jet. He tells the PlannersBanc team he needs to go back on the plane to get the painting, but Harry informs him the painting, priced at $90,000, is part of the collateral. Charlie has another idea. He goes to the employees-only section of the hangar, gets a wrench, dresses up in mechanic’s overalls, and returns to the tarmac. Serena and his guests are on the asphalt, and the PlannersBanc team has boarded the plane to take it away. Charlie approaches the plane, out of sight of everyone, and throws the wrench in the mouth of the engine. When the pilots try to start the plane, it stalls. The bank team is forced to leave without the plane. Charlie feels triumphant.
In the second section, Charlie’s, Conrad’s, and Peepgass’s varying behaviors under pressure reveal their different models of masculinity, illustrating the theme of The True Meaning of Masculinity. For Charlie, the coming loss of his wealth, status, and prestige is inextricably linked with the dawning knowledge of his age and mortality. Charlie’s understanding of masculinity is defined by wealth and physical strength, so he clings to these as markers of manhood. He ignores his chronic knee pain and identifies with brute animal strength, as shown in the breeding barn sequence. Charlie is loath to part not just from Turpmtine but also his G-5 plane and the N. C. Wyeth painting, the objects taking on a larger-than-life importance for him as symbols of his masculinity. Tricking the bank officials by disabling his plane may mark a minor victory for Charlie’s masculinity, but he is fighting a losing battle, suggesting that his understanding of masculinity is under threat. Peepgass, whom the text positions as a foil for Charlie, equates masculinity with social status. Because the Ivy League–educated Peepgass does not have the wealth and connections he feels he deserves, he turns to manipulation. Peepgass’s private decision to form a fraudulent syndicate marks the beginning of his moral decline, marking him as the most duplicitous of the novel’s main male characters.
In contrast with Peepgass and Charlie, Conrad does not give up on his convictions in the face of a crisis. While Charlie needs his plane as a symbol of masculine pride, Conrad’s need for his impounded car is more practical: Conrad simply has no other way to travel. Again, the narrative uses juxtaposition—the giant G-5 plane against the little imperiled Hyundai car—to satirize the plights of wealthy men, suggesting the inanity of Charlie’s privileged fight to save his plane when compared to the everyday struggles of poverty. When Conrad sees his car being manhandled in the impound lot, he fights the injustice being done to him and his car by jumping the fence and shouting that what is happening is not right. Thus, he takes on a whole system to defend his right to exist rather than giving in to the system or running away from it. Conrad’s experience with bureaucracy illustrates one of the text’s key themes: The Ripple Effect of Race and Class Inequalities.
With Martha’s introduction, this section further examines the novel’s thematic concern with aging. Like Martha, Charlie too feels old and irrelevant, yet as a wealthy white male, he possesses enormous social capital. On the other hand, Martha’s concerns with aging are more existential given the gendered double standard on youth and beauty. Not only is Martha judged by characters, including Charlie, for her thick neck and back, but also her middle-aged appearance renders her socially invisible. Martha’s sarcastic phrase “boys with breasts” perfectly captures the impossible beauty standards expected from women (209): women are supposed to be thin as teenage boys yet somehow also have voluptuous breasts. Ironically, the fitness center where Martha works out to achieve this impossible physique is owned by the very man Charlie tries—and fails—to extract $10 million from. That the gym is for Martha a site of age- and gender-based humiliation and for Charlie a potential financial boon underscores that men and women in the novel experience the social disadvantages of aging differently.
Charlie’s party in Chapter 12 illustrates the depths of Charlie’s oblivious hubris and outdated beliefs. Charlie wants to impress his guests with his old-fashioned, warm, frank Southern values. However, his guests’ reactions demonstrate that the world has moved on from these values. Charlie shows off “Auntie Bella” and “Uncle Bud,” his Black chefs, oblivious to the fact that his attitude comes off as patronizing and racist. Eager to embrace the “white savior” archetype, Charlie asks Mason, the Black butler, to recount how Charlie’s help has enabled his son to study electrical engineering and his daughter to go to nursing school. Charlie also makes homophobic remarks all through the dinner party to prove his politically incorrect masculine credentials, ignoring the fact that his views are outdated. Wolfe uses satire and irony in this section to demonstrate the collision between old and new values. Charlie thinks of himself as a heroic superman, but the embarrassed looks Serena and Wally exchange about him show that Charlie—and his world of the old South—has already faded. Charlie’s humiliation gradually softens his characterization, increasing his palatability. The increasingly farcical situations in which he is shown shift his characterization from an amoral tycoon to a fading, deluded traditionalist.
The culmination of Charlie’s social gaffes at his party is his choice to have his sophisticated guests view a forced horse copulation, which emphasizes his violent definition of masculinity. The breeding sequence exemplifies the text’s animal imagery and symbolism. Charlie identifies with the stallion in heat, feeling “as if somehow he shared in the stud’s power” (304). He interprets the stallion’s violent advance on the mare as an example of the power of nature at its purest. In the novel, Charlie often equates himself to a virile male animal, thus equating manhood with bestial power. However, the irony is that the copulation that Charlie considers natural is actually a highly engineered breeding effort. The mare and stallion are constantly handled by humans; the humans force another horse to arouse the mare and throughout bathe her genitals with “PhisoHex solution” to keep them clean for a successful copulation. The reason the stallion is in such extreme heat is because he has smelled the mare’s engineered arousal.
This section also highlights Wolfe’s intentional use of names, much in the style of Charles Dickens. Charlie’s last name, “Croker,” is a variation of the slang term “cracker,” which refers to an (often poor) white person. Peepgass’s name is awkward, suggesting that despite all his machinations, he can be no Charlie. Roger’s surname, “White,” foreshadows that to feel whole, he must embrace, and be embraced by, his Black identity and history. Herb Richman’s name is a set-up for Charlie’s social gaffe, with “Richman” also evoking problematic stereotypes about Jewish-origin Americans being wealthy. Harry Zale’s name suggests youth and efficiency, while names like Uncle Bud and Auntie Bella are stock names for Black characters in southern songs and fiction.
By Tom Wolfe